What words are called dialectisms, and which are called professionalisms?

The lexical stock of the Russian language is very large. Not a single linguist scientist has been able to compile the most complete dictionary, in which absolutely all words are reflected and interpreted. Even the famous dictionary of Dahl, containing the largest number of lexical units from all existing, does not cover the language completely. Words arise in the language in the course of a person's activity, when he learns or invents new things. Along with those lexemes that are familiar to many, in the language there are also those that are used by limited groups of people. They will be the subject of our consideration. In the article we will reveal what words are called dialectisms, professionalisms, jargon.

Common vocabulary

The bulk of words used by the majority of speakers in Russian, refers to the commonly used, that is, to those that are understandable to everyone. Tower, house, table, chair, sea, book, forest, field, river and many, many others. They are used by all without exception, regardless of specialty, area of residence, lifestyle and age group.

All these words are divided by meaning and grammatical form into parts of speech: adjectives or verbs, nouns or numerals, pronouns, adverbs.

In addition, these words are suitable for each of the styles of speech: they are used equally in the colloquial, and in the official-business, and in the journalistic style.

Another thing - vocabulary, limited in use. These restrictions may apply to a certain territory, profession, age or social group. Before using them in speech, it is necessary to determine for yourself the situation of speaking and clearly know what words are called dialectisms and which ones are professionalisms. These words differ in that they are incomprehensible to the average person and difficult to perceive even in the context.

Dialectism

It is customary to distinguish non-common vocabulary depending on which principle it is limited to. This will determine what words are called dialectisms, which are professional, and which are slang. First, we will analyze the first.

Russia - a very large country, it is inhabited by a mass of nationalities, and in each territory there are such lexemes that are clear only to its inhabitants. It is noteworthy that they all have an analogue among commonly used words, and carriers clearly understand what words are called dialectisms. When speaking with a person unfamiliar with the lexical coloring of their locality, the carriers of such words "switch" to the commonly used language.

We have already explained what words are called dialectisms, their examples are very numerous: the house of the Don Cossacks is called a house, and only the rye that has risen is called the winter in the north of the country.

Types of dialectisms

Also it should be said about groups of dialect words, depending on their origin and grammatical fullness they are:

1. Lexical. Such, which represent a completely different word, quite unlike the equivalent in the common language: Buryak-beet, sash-belt, cibula-onion and others.
2. Ethnographic. These words have no analogues in the language, understandable throughout the country. Most often - the names of dishes, cultural and ethnic features: wickets - Karelian patties made from rye dough, a manarka - a garment and others.
3. Lexical and semantic. These are those that in a certain area were endowed with a value different from the commonly used one. So, in some places the word lip refers to all the mushrooms, except the mushrooms, and the word bridge refers to the floor in the house.
4. Phonetic. This group of dialects is a variant of the pronunciation of common words. Thus, tea is pronounced with the first consonant [q], and the farm with the initial [xv]. Such variants of dialect are in the southern and northern regions.
5. What words are called dialectisms word-formation? Those who have changed their outline or pronunciation by adding or removing various affixes (the root where the meaning of the word is contained is the same): the goose is the female goose, the poke is for now, darma is free.
6. Morphological. In the word there were grammatical changes in its form. Thus, the verb 3 of a person can have a soft ending: it ide [t] (norm) it is ide [t], or personal pronouns in the instrumental case find the ending e in the singular: me (norm) - me .

Speaking of what words are called dialectisms, it should be noted that they can often be found not only in specific localities, but also in literary works. For example, they are many in the works of F. Abramov, V. Astafiev, M. Sholokhov, N. Gogol. This is necessary for the author to convey a particular color of a certain locality, village or farm.

The terms

We gave a definition and sorted out what words are called dialectisms. And what professionalism is it considered to be? What is their difference, and why do they occupy a special niche in uncommon vocabulary?

These words are limited to society: a profession or a scientific knowledge of a particular area. Such lexemes are delineated into two large groups: terms and professionalisms. First, let's consider the first.

Terms define a scientific concept, a phenomenon that is characteristic of various fields of knowledge (science, art or production). In the previous sections, when talking about what words are called dialectisms, we did not indicate that each of them has its own definition or defi- nition. This is precisely the difference between the terminological vocabulary: a clear, concise, but capacious definition of the reality that this word stands for.

Types of terms

Among the whole variety of terms, two groups can be distinguished:

1. General scientific. These are the ones that can be applied to any field of knowledge: hypotheticality, experiment, reaction. Such words are used most often.
2. Special. They belong to any particular scientific field: linguistics (complex syntactic whole), biology (stamen, chord), geometry (straight line, plane), psychology (phlegmatic, sensations, perception).

Another difference between the terms is their extreme informativeness. One such word can not be replaced by another like this, only by a word combination or sentence. A characteristic quality of the modern Russian language is the penetration of terms into everyday speech. So, without hesitation, we use the words river, pond, atmosphere. But this is all - geographical terms, which in this science definition.

Professionalism

We disassembled almost all the words from the passive stock, talked about the terms, about what words are called dialectisms, which are professionalisms. Examples of the latter are discussed in more detail in this section.

So, words that are used in the process of production or scientific work, and will be called professional. What are their differences from the terms? The fact that the latter have their own definition, which professional words can not have . They are used most often in oral speech and denote the instrument, process, raw materials and so on. Such words are designed to facilitate communication of workers in the workplace.

By the nature of use, professionalism is delimited by the areas in which people of certain occupations are employed: miners, doctors, typographers, builders, etc.

Jargon

A separate group is occupied by vocabulary belonging to certain social groups: youth (slang), professional and camp jargon and so-called argo - a special language within the Russian language, on which thieves, tramps, etc. communicate.

Most often you can hear slang - the language of youth and students. Such words as teachers, dorm, tail, cool, super are found in this group everywhere.