What questions are answered by cases? Questions instrumental. Questions of the prepositional case

For coherent speech in the Russian language, the same words can be used in different forms, this can be a single or plural number, female, male or middle, as well as declension with a change in the endings. A particularly important role in constructing correct statements is played by cases that show the syntactic role and connection of words in a sentence. Nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals are subject to deviation. And in the study of the Russian language it is very important to learn how to determine the case form of these parts of speech and to know what questions are answered by cases.

Basic cases of the Russian language

The case system of the Russian language is quite simple to study, but there are several features in it. Therefore, in the school curriculum this topic is given a huge amount of time. The first thing children learn about what questions are answered by cases and how they are called. To the attention of schoolchildren, as a rule, there are only six main cases, although in fact there are many more, but due to the close similarity of the variety of obsolete case forms, they were combined with the main ones. Although there are still disputes among linguists on this issue.

Nominative case

The nominative case is abbreviated as He. Etc. Questions of the nominative - who? So what? For all parts of speech, this form of the word is the initial one and can be the name of an object, a person or a natural phenomenon, and in the sentence it always acts as a subject. For example:

The girl left the room; The sun was setting over the horizon.

Also in the nominative case there can be a nominal part of the compound predicate. For example:

Nikita is my son; Alexander Vasilyevich is a director.

Also, always in the nominative case is the main member of a single-sentence proposal and appeal. For example:

Noises, noises, reeds; Here is the old house.

Genitive

The use of the genitive case can be either after verbs, or after names. Words with such declination answer the questions of whom? Of what? In a reduced form it is recorded by Rn.

This form of words has a variety of meaning and syntactic application. The verb genitive case may indicate the subject:

• In the case when the verb has a negative: do not demolish the head, do not tell the truth;
• If the action does not apply to the whole subject, but only to its part: drink water, eat soup, cut wood.

The genitive case may indicate a whole series of relationships:

• Belonging to someone or something: mother's house, dress dolls;
• The relation of something whole to any part: hotel number, tree branch;
• Evaluation or definition of qualities: a cap of green color, tears of happiness, a man of speech.

That is why it is very important to know which cases are answered by the case for the correct determination of the case form.

Nouns used in the genitive case, together with the adjectives of comparison, indicate the object or person with whom they are compared. For example:

Beautiful Natasha, whiter than snow, faster than lightning.

Dative

To understand how to use the word in one or another case, it is necessary to clearly know what questions are answered by cases in which case a certain form of declension is used. So, for example, the dative case (to whom? To?) Of words is most often put after verbs and only in a few cases after the words denoting objects.

The main words in this case are used to denote the main subject to which the action is directed.

For example:

To send greetings to the girlfriend, to threaten the enemy, the order to the subordinates.

In impersonal sentences, words in the dative case can be used as a predicate. For example:

Sasha became frightened. The boy was cold. The patient is getting worse.

Accusative

The questions of the accusative case are similar to the questions of other cases, namely, to the genitive and the nominative. So, to animate an object is the question of whom? But to the inanimate one - what? And often enough schoolchildren confuse this case with the nominative, so for the correct definition, the grammatical basis must first be singled out in the sentence. Words in this case form are most often used with verbs and denote an object to which the action completely passes.

For example:

To fish, clean shoes, sew a skirt, bake a cake.

Also, words in the accusative case can express quantity, time, space and distance. For example:

The whole summer, every minute, every year.

Instrumental case

As well as other case forms, questions of the instrumental case have two forms for living and non-living things. These are special issues that you can not confuse with other forms. So, for the animate subject, the instrumental case answers the question by whom? For example:

He was familiar (with whom?) With Oksana and (with whom?) Her mother .

For an inanimate object, the instrumental case answers the question with what? For example:

Nourished (with what?) Bread, watered (than?) With water.

As a rule, this form of words is used in combination with verbs closely related to names.

Such a case form of words with verbs always acts as a means and instrument of action, perhaps in the manner or mode of action, and also have the meanings of time, place, space, and who is acting. For example:

Beat the dog (with what?) With a stick.

The old man backed (with what?) His palm.

The road led (what?) The forest.

Fairy tales "Aibolit", "Confusion" and "Cockroach" are written (by whom?) By Kornei Chukovsky.

Also, this case form of words can also occur with names and have the following meanings. With nouns:

• The instrument of action: to strike by hand, to brush;
• Acting person: protection of the house by the watchmen, the seller's goods leave;
• The content of the action itself: to learn German;
• Definitive value: sausage ringlet, bass singing.

With adjectives, words in the instrumental case are used with the meaning of the restriction of the indicated trait. For example:

He was a strong mind and famous for his discoveries.

Prepositional

The sixth and last case, which is studied in the school curriculum is prepositional.

The questions of the prepositional case, like other case forms, are divided in the direction of living subjects (on whom? About?) And inanimate (on what?) . Words in this case are always used with prepositions, hence the name of the case itself. Depending on the preposition used, the meaning changes, the questions of the prepositional are always constructed using the same prepositions that are used in specific cases in the context.

The use of prepositions with words in the prepositional

For the correct definition of the case form of words and their correct use in speech, it is very important to know how the cases are connected with questions and prepositions when using various forms of words in sentences.

Each of the prepositions used gives the word its meaning:

• O, oh, obo - the designation of the subject in question: thoughts about you;
• In, in - indicates the object, time, place and space: at midnight, in a box, in all its glory and so on;
• Na - used to point to the place where something is or is happening: on the table, at the station;
• Pri-used for clarification near what or in the presence of whom is the object in question: on the road, under Tsar Gorokha.

What role do the cases, questions and prepositions play?

The table of prepositions, which are used in combination with various case forms of words, plays a huge role in the study of the case system of the Russian language.

After all, they, joining the nouns, can reveal different meanings of the same word.

Case	Pretext	Value	Example
Genitive	Around	Determine the space in which the object is located or in which the action takes place	Walk around the park, Came out from behind the house, Stand by the tree
Dative	To, to	Are used to indicate the approach to an object, object or event place	Approach a friend, Go off-road
Accusative	In, out, on	Specify which object the action is directed to	Hug for the waist, Look out the window, Put on the table
Instrumental	Under, over, above, with	Can have many meanings, including pointing out the direction of a certain action and denoting the space	Fly above the ground, Walk under the bridge, To be friends with my grandmother

Declension of nouns, adjectives and numerals by case

One of the main topics of this section of the Russian language is the theme: "Declination by case". As a result of this change, the word is transformed, acquiring a new ending, which is important enough for the correctness of speech construction. Declination occurs by changing the word so that it answers the questions of each case. The declension of nouns has an independent character, while adjectives and numerals in the context always depend on the case in which the word associated with them is.

Declination of nouns and adjectives

Case	Question	Noun	Question	Adjective
Nominative	Who? what?	Flower	Which one?	Scarlet
Genitive	Whom? Of what?	Flower	Which one?	Scarlet
Dative	To whom? What?	Flower	Which?	Scarlet
Accusative	Whom? what?	Flower	Which one?	Scarlet
Instrumental	by whom? than?	Flower	What?	Scarlet
Prepositional	About whom? about what?	About the flower	About what?	About scarlet

In the case of declining numerals, the question can also be modified, both for the adjective, which will make it easier to decline the word.

Declination of numerals by case

Case	Case question	The question for the numerals	Numeral
Nominative	Who? what?	how? Which one?	six two eighth Eighth The eighth
Genitive	Whom? Of what?	How many? Which one?	Six Two Eighth eighth Eighth
Dative	To whom? What?	How many? Which?	Six Two Eighth eighth Eighth
Accusative	Whom? what?	how? Which one?	six Two Eighth Eighth Eighth
Instrumental	by whom? than?	How many? What?	Six Two Eighth eighth Eighth
Proposal	About whom? about what?	About how many? About what?	About six About two On the eighth On the eighth On the eighth

The goal of the school program is to teach children not only to correctly identify the case form of words in a sentence, but also to be able to correctly use a preposition that fully reveals the meaning of the utterance. Such skills are very important for the construction of literate speech. That is why this topic is given special attention and sufficient number of Russian lessons so that children can not only study, but well fix this material.