What is the economy? Primary, banking, municipal, private and financial sectors of the economy

The sectors of the economy are related to each other. In their interaction they form a unified system. The enterprise in market conditions is considered the main economic element. Its role is quite significant in this whole system. The economy of the country not only allocates to it a certain place as a whole. The enterprise differs and obligatory belonging to this or that economic branch in particular. Further in the article we will consider in detail what the sectors of the Russian national economy are .

general information

It's no secret that the country's economy as a whole is a fairly complex and dynamic organism. The whole system is represented in different directions, which is explained by the variety of the production process itself. The structure of economic sectors reflects its structure, the ratio of all links and existing subsystems, the interrelations and proportions formed between them. The study of different directions is important for the development of economic activity of the state, optimization of its components.

Spheres forming the system

From the point of issue of the public aggregate goods and the creation of income, two fairly large areas are singled out: the non-production part and the material production. The latter consists of several subsystems. It:

• industry;
• Freight transport;
• Forestry, agriculture;
• Servicing production processes communication;
• trade;
• Computer and information systems;
• catering;
• building.

As part of the non-productive sphere, the following elements are distinguished:

• Housing and communal services;
• Social security;
• Physical culture;
• Passenger Transportation;
• Serving the population and organizations of this sphere;
• Art and culture;
• Insurance and credit systems;
• Public education;
• Health care;
• Scientific services in particular and science in general;
• Activity of the bodies of the administrative apparatus.

To date, the whole system includes a huge number of organizations, companies, associations.

Structure of the system

Summarizing the characteristics of economic processes, the components of the entire production and industrial complex are generally divided into sectors. This term should be understood as the totality of all institutional units that are distinguished by similar functions, behavior, tasks. There is a classification of subsystems in accordance with the direction of activity. So, in the Russian Federation allocate an external sector and a system, which includes state institutions, enterprises and households. Let us consider them in more detail.

Businesses

In this sector of the Russian economy there are various organizations. The activities of some can be aimed at making profit. Others have the status of "non-profit" companies. The sphere of enterprises includes financial and non-financial companies. The latter include commercial organizations that produce goods or provide services for profit. Non-financial enterprises are non-profit associations that do not aim to benefit from their activities. Value in this classification has a regulatory body. Depending on its nature, state, non-state and foreign enterprises are singled out. The financial sector of the economy includes both non-profit and commercial associations. The activities of enterprises in this area are aimed at mediation, insurance, security and so on. The banking sector of the economy includes the relevant enterprises (CBR, for example). This industry includes other commercial companies. The financial sector of the economy includes investment funds, sponsorship, pension, insurance, leasing, charitable foundations and organizations, exchanges and other enterprises.

State institutions

This sector of the economy includes various judicial, executive, and legislative bodies. The same area of activity includes social security funds and non-profit corporations controlled by them. The sphere of state institutions, in turn, is divided into the federal, regional and municipal sectors of the economy. The upper level controls the lower one. The activities of state institutions are regulated by law.

Households

The agricultural sector of the economy, in general, unites consuming elements. These include, in particular, the various farms and enterprises that they have formed. This sector of the economy is divided into several more. The farms as a whole are classified according to the branch of labor, qualification and specialization of the person acting as a leader, and also, in fact, by occupation. Taking into account the type of income, specialists mark the following subcategories: those who work for hire, receive profit from property, employers. The subgroup may include farms by the number of members, the total income, or by location.

"The rest of the world"

This sector of the economy includes a complex of institutional units. These elements are non-residents located in other states. At the same time, they have consulates, embassies, communications, bases and other organizations in the territory of the Russian Federation. This sector of the economy is closely connected with the foreign policy of the country. It includes not only non-resident organizations, but also those associations with which they interact.

Other types

Considering the economic activity of the country as a whole, specialists also allocate the state, as well as the private sector of the economy. In the first subgroup there are institutions, companies, associations, enterprises, control of which is provided by the state administrative apparatus. State regulation does not apply to the second subgroup. There are also non-market and market sectors. This classification is established from the position of attitude to the commercial sphere. For this or that sector of the market economy , there is a production process. The enterprises are engaged in release of the goods, formation of the various services intended for sale under the cost influencing demand. In the same subgroup, the barter of products or offers is exchanged, the stock of finished products, payment of remuneration for labor in kind. Inside the non-market sector of the economy, services or products are produced that are used by the owners of the enterprise or directly by the manufacturers themselves. Here, the goods or services produced can be transferred free of charge or at a cost that does not have a significant effect on demand. In this area of activity, the primary sector of the economy should also be singled out. It unites industries that are associated with the extraction of various raw materials and its further processing. The primary sector of the economy is of great importance for the development of the country as a whole.

Branches

It should be noted that sectors in the economy are formed from homogeneous types of occupation. These activities are called branches. In accordance with international statistics, the entire economic system is divided into "production of goods" and "provision of services." The first category includes agricultural activities, industry, construction and other areas of production of material values (utilization of raw materials, publishing, picking berries, etc.). The service industry should include education, general government, trade, health, defense and so on.

Interindustry Complexes

These categories are formed within these or those economic sectors or between them. An inter-industry complex should be understood as an integration system that is distinguished by the presence of interaction between different components and spheres of activity, stages of production and distribution of products. For example, in industry it is possible to distinguish metallurgical, fuel energy, machine-building sites. Complexes in which different sectors of the economy come together are distinguished by a more complex structure. To such, for example, can be attributed, the building site.

Target and functional systems

This classification is based on various criteria. Thus, for example, the reproduction principle is characterized by a reproductive principle. At the heart of this intersectoral system is the criterion of participation in the production of final products. Examples include transport, fuel energy, agro-industrial complexes. The basis of functional systems is the criterion and the principle of its specialization in accordance with a specific task. In this case, environmental, scientific and technical, and investment complexes can be cited as examples. The unification of the emerging diversity is a consequence of the improvement of the quality of the part in production aimed at satisfying social needs.

Development of economic structure in the Russian Federation

According to most experts, the system of national economy is not constant. Changes in it can occur both spontaneously, and under the influence of regulatory state activity. In addition, various internal and external conditions exert a great influence. The latter include competition from foreign manufacturing enterprises. Of particular importance is the external economic situation - the state of the world's trading platforms for specific types of products, as well as the cost of oil. Internal factors include investment activity, competitiveness of the manufactured goods, production capacities and potential, and the degree of solvent demand.

Factors affecting the development of the economy

Among the main tools contributing to the development of the country's economy, it is necessary to name target programs, subsidies, state investments, purchases, as well as various concessions for enterprises, industry groups, regions. As analysts note, the need for restructuring, improving the economic activities of the Russian Federation is conditioned by a change in priorities in the country. The administrative and command system has long been replaced by market relations. In this connection, the nature of economic activity must correspond to the current state of affairs. Improvement and development in accordance with the requirements of time are possible in Russia due to a number of factors. Important is the presence in the country of extensive natural resources, human resources, as well as the implementation of continuous scientific and technical research.

Conclusion

In Russia, various programs are being developed to support and further develop the economy. In particular, in the oil industry it is expected to continue the formation of vertically integrated associations. Their activities are aimed not only at extraction, but also processing of raw materials received from the depths. At the metallurgical enterprises the constant expansion of the volume and quality of the rolled metal is envisaged. To implement everything conceived, it is necessary to use high-tech equipment, new advanced production schemes. In connection with the projected increase in metal prices, this industry is one of the most attractive for investments. This, in turn, will quickly lead to the improvement of these enterprises. The state provides direct support to sectors characterized by a high scientific and technical level (for example, the production of rocket and space complexes, the nuclear industry, biotechnology, heavy machine tools, etc.). It is expressed in the form of export credits, various kinds of subsidies, state investments and purchases. However, the main method of restructuring the Russian economy is the conversion and curtailment of companies with reduced capacity, the increase in the production of goods that are most in demand both on the external and domestic markets. An integral part of the improvement of the system is the formation of optimal conditions for the development of advanced and promising activities that form the real economic potential of the state.