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Vital activity and structure of the fungus. Features of the structure of the cap mushroom

Among the existing five kingdoms of wildlife, mushrooms are in a special position. They have unusual signs, characterizing them as unique, unique, but very important and useful for nature and human organisms. Features of the structure and life activity of fungi, we will try to consider in the article, in order to understand what is their uniqueness.

Characteristic

The kingdom of mushrooms is more than 100 of their species. And among them you can find a variety of forms on the method of nutrition:

  • Saprophytes;
  • Parasites;
  • Symbionts.

Unicellular inferior and multicellular higher structures of these organisms are widely spread in nature and occupy a large place in the system of the organic world. Do not ignore mushrooms and people, being organisms that contact them not only externally, but also at the cellular level, from the inside (parasitic fungi, candida).

A special role in people's lives is played by a special class of basidiomycetes, or hat mushrooms. After all, the vast majority of them are edible species used by man as a valuable nutritional product for many millennia.

From the biological point of view, the structure of the fungus deserves special attention, which has a number of adjacent traits with both plant and animal organisms. Although outwardly it is closer to the plant kingdom. In general, the structure of the fungus is quite simple: if the organism is unicellular, it consists of a noncellular mycelium and hyphae with sporangia and spores. If we are talking about the highest representative, then the structural parts are:

  • Mycelium (mycelium) - an underground part;
  • Hyphae, interwoven in the aerial part in the form of a fruit body;
  • leg;
  • Hat.

There are also those that represent something in between the lower and higher mushrooms in structure and lifestyle.

Classification

Modern systematics consists of 7 main classes, united into three departments. The structure and life activity of fungi of each of them have their own characteristics and properties. Let us consider them in more detail.

Fikomycetes

The overwhelming majority of these organisms are parasitic and saprophytic forms, which use for life plants, animals, man, food, household items. There are three classes:

  • Chitridiomycetes - inhabitants of fresh and salt waters. Parasitize on algae, can also feed saprotrophically, decomposing the remains of plant and animal tissues. They are unicellular structures. Features of the structure of the fungus of this type - in that the cells have multiple outgrowths - rhizomycelia, serving to attach to the substrate, as well as for movement in the water column. Representatives: chitridium, monoblepharic, spizellomycete, rhizophidia.
  • Oomycetes are very dangerous parasites of higher plants, as well as water molds. The structure of the fungus is represented by a multinucleated noncellular mycelium, reproduction occurs due to mobile zoospores. The presence of cellulose in the cell wall indicates proximity to plants to a greater extent than other fungi. Representatives: phytophthora, peronospores and others. They cause not only rotting parts of plants, but also diseases of marine life, sometimes destroy whole crops.
  • Zygomycetes - inhabitants of soil and air, unicellular complicated forms. More details will be considered on the example of the brightest representative - mukora.
  • Giphohitridiomycetes are intermediate forms, in structure and lifestyle, between oomycetes and chitridiomycetes.

Eumycetes

This category includes more advanced perfect forms from three classes:

  • Ascomycetes are valuable mushrooms in medical practice. The structure of the body implies the presence of mycelium, multicellular, septate and highly developed. Also their name (marsupial) these mushrooms have received for original bags, deepenings or asci, in which sexual disputes ascospores ripen. In the structure there are hyphae, at the ends of which conidia are formed, taking part in reproduction. Representatives: yeast, penicillium, aspergillus and others. Appreciate the fact that many species are able to produce antibiotics.
  • Deuteromycetes, or imperfect fungi. Most representatives are of the genus Candida, causing the same disease in the human body and animals. The tissues and organs are affected. They do not have a real mycelium, only a pseudostructure. They multiply, forming chlamydospores.
  • Bazidiomycete, or hat form. The structure of the fungus of this class will be discussed in more detail below.

Similarity with other organisms

The structure of cells of plants, animals, fungi has a number of common features. That is why until now it has not been finally decided whether to separate the organisms under consideration into a separate kingdom or still combine with plants or animals.

The thing is that there are a number of signs that mushrooms are similar to flora:

  1. The ability to unrestricted growth throughout life.
  2. Mushroom cells have dense cell walls, like plants.
  3. The methods of reproduction are similar: with the help of spores and parts of mycelium, that is vegetatively.
  4. Inability to move in space.
  5. Absorption of nutrients by suction.

However, in contrast to those who attribute these fungi to lower plants on these grounds, a number of facts should be cited, which testify to the similarity of these organisms to animals:

  1. The cell wall contains a polysaccharide - chitin. Although the same substance forms the outer skeleton of crustaceans and some insects.
  2. Traces of uric acid were found in the products of mushroom activity.
  3. The reserve nutrient in these organisms is glycogen, as in humans.
  4. By the method of absorbing nutrients, these are heterotrophic organisms, since chlorophyll is not found in their cells.

Thus, it is obvious that mushrooms are a separate kingdom, with their own specific features.

Mushroom cell structure

The above similarities and differences with other living organisms are also reflected in the structure at a shallower, cellular level. So, the fungal cell has a number of the following features:

  1. Outside, it is separated by a cell wall, as in plants. However, the substances that make up this structure show that there is more similarity to animals. Components: chitin (in some species cellulose), glycan, polysaccharides, monosaccharides, heteropolymers. With the passage of time, this structure can stiffen, accumulating salts of calcium oxalate, then externally the mycelium and the body will be hard, reminiscent of the stalk of plants. In some cases, the cell wall is covered with mucus from the outside.
  2. Then the standard structure of the plasma membrane is a liquid-mosaic formation, consisting of a bilipid layer with penetrating and embedded proteins of different purposes. The functions of the membrane are the same as those of higher organisms, providing active and passive transport to and from the cell.
  3. Under the plasmalemma is a protoplast including a vacuole, a nucleus with nucleoli, a cytoplasm with a hyaloplasm and organoids.
  4. Vacuoles with cell sap are an unconditional resemblance to a plant cell. During the course of life, the number and size of these structures varies. In the adult cell there is one large parietal vacuole, filled with a solution containing polyphosphates, carbohydrates, nutrient organic molecules.
  5. The nucleus and the nucleolus are most often found in single specimens. They are located closer to the center of the cell and serve to store and transmit hereditary information in the form of nucleic acid molecules (DNA, RNA). The structure of the fungal cell is interesting in that the nuclei are doubled in mitotic division, but they do not divide immediately into two cells by a transverse constriction. Therefore, for some time in the structure of the fungus can be found dual-core and tri-nuclear formations.
  6. The cytoplasm is the cell's hyaloplasm and organelles. In a liquid medium, carbohydrates are dissolved, glycogen inclusions are located, microfilaments grow, a cytoskeleton of the cell is formed. The organelles are mitochondria, ribosomes, dictyosomes. Speaking about the features of the structure of the fungus, it is worth mentioning lomasomes. These are translucent bodies, whose role is not yet clear.

Thus, the cell of the fungus shares similarities with both animal and plant. However, it includes narrowly specific components.

Unicellular mushrooms: mucor

Representatives of this kind have seen, probably, everything. White fluffy mildew, appearing on food, vegetables and fruits, stale plant and animal tissues are fungi of the genus Mukor of the Zygomycete class.

Outwardly, when viewed with the naked eye, they look like a fluffy rug. Over time, it becomes dark and becomes gray, gray. This occurs when maturing spores in the sporangia, when the mold has grown and is preparing for reproduction.

The moldy mushroom mushroom structure is quite simple. First, all of it - one large cellular structure, and it is unicellular. Just a mycelium is multi-nuclear, but without partitions, it branches strongly. It seems that there is a multicellular organism, but this is not so.

The hyphae of this fungus grow vertically upward and at the end they form sporangia, more often globular in which spores mature. Another name for mucor is head mildew. It was given to them precisely because of such a structure and arrangement of spore-bearing structures.

After maturation, the smallest cells pour out from the bursting sporangia and begin to sprout into a new form. Also in the presence and the sexual process - it also produces a mold mushroom mucor. The structure of the desired organs is a semitransparent thread of one or different orders that join together to form a zygote. She subsequently gives a new hypha with sporangia, which is an independent organism.

This structure of the fungus does not in the least make it harmful to humans. Of course, some forms can cause mukoromycoses of animals and humans, but the positive significance of representatives of this class is also great. So, for example, they are producers of a valuable medicinal product - Ramicin. Also, the possession of high enzymatic activity makes it possible to use them as yeast starter cultures when obtaining certain types of alcohols, cheeses and so on.

Multicellular fungi: basidiomycetes

This class has more than 31500 thousands of different representatives. Among them there are both parasites and symbionts. The most interesting group is edible mushrooms, called caplets. Such representatives of the kingdom enter into mutually beneficial cooperation with the roots of trees, forming the so-called mycorrhizas - a dense interlacing of the hyphae of the fungus and the roots of the plant. Of course, not all representatives do so, but those that are edible fall under this category.

The peculiarities of the structure of the caplet fungus consist in the fact that it is multicellular, perfect, having certain parts of the body, which are its distinctive features. So, each such representative has an above-ground and underground part.

Appearance

The external structure of the fungus consists of the formation of a cap of various shapes, a fruit stem of unequal massiveness and length and an underground part - mycorrhiza, consisting of mycelium and hyphae in combination with the roots of trees.

Probably everyone who has ever walked through the woods could see the multicolored delicate hats of mushrooms looking out from the interlacing of foliage and forest litter. White, red, orange, yellow, brown, small and large, fragrant and fleshy, tasty and very nutritious - these organisms have firmly entered the life of people and make up a certain part of the diet of most of them.

Outside, you can see only the fruiting body itself, but the features of the structure of the caplet fungus can be understood only with a more subtle analysis, cut and microscopy.

Body structure

Penek, cap, mycelium (mycelium) - these are the main structural parts of such representatives. The structure of the fungal body is different. Rather, they differ in size and color, as well as some features of the cap. Inside, that leg, that the hat is a dense weave of mushroom hyphae in different combinations.

So, the leg contains several hundred thousand of the finest strings, closely intertwined in the general structure. In the lower part it smoothly passes into the mycelium, hidden under the ground. If you cut the mushroom very carefully, you can see these thin white threadlike outgrowths, stretching from the ground and growing into a stump.

In the upper part, immediately under the bonnet, the mushroom foot has a veil or its remains when reducing in some species. This feature allows you to distinguish between poisonous species and edible, and to systematize and classify them.

The top of the leg is crowned with a cap. In it also there is a feature. The structure of the cap mushroom makes it possible to distinguish edible forms from poisonous ones. So, the hat is of two types:

  • Plate - is on the inner side of small plates, in which settle and mature spores. Examples of organisms: freckles, russula, red.
  • Tubular - is formed by tubes visible to the naked eye. These structures also develop spores for reproduction. Examples: oily, white mushrooms, boletus, chanterelles.

This structure of the cap and sporangia was called the hymenophore. Outside, the cap is covered with a thin and delicate layer of peel, also inside which is hyphae. It just has a different color, from which one can judge the form of the fungus.

Structure of mycelium

Mushroom is a very important part, which is formed by mushrooms. The structure of the body is hyphae, as we have already mentioned. But the mycelium is an elongated multinucleated cell, devoid of any pigments.

It is the mycelium that enters into symbiosis with the roots of trees and conducts mineral substances and water along the mycelial outgrowths to the tree. In return, the fungus receives organic substances from the plant, which makes it a heterotroph by the way it feeds.

The structure of the capped fungus implies propagation by spores. However, the mycelium when it enters normal conditions (good humidity, temperature) can itself give rise to new fruit bodies. Therefore, mycelium is boldly called the organ of vegetative reproduction.

Disputes

These small structures, which in a large mass are a powder of different colors, are the main source of the continuation of the genus of fungi. Sleeping out of the sporangia on the bonnet, they are picked up by the wind and carried for long distances. Many animals that eat mushrooms can not digest their spores, so they are excreted together with excrement into the environment. Here future hat species get a chance to live in case of rooting and sprouting spores. The shape, size and color of these cells identify the majority of species of fungi, correlating them with one or another class.

In conclusion, I want to say that representatives of the kingdom of mushrooms are very important organisms that affect whole ecosystems that are part of the food chains, causing irreparable damage to living things, but also giving us an antidote for many diseases.

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