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Fundamental science: examples. Fundamental and applied science

Man, being a part of nature and having some features of similarity with animals, especially with primates, however has a completely unique property. His brain can perform actions, called in psychology cognitive, - cognitive. The ability of a person to abstract thinking, associated with the development of the cerebral cortex, led him to a purposeful comprehension of the laws underlying the evolution of nature and society. As a result, there was such a phenomenon of cognition as fundamental science.

In this article, we will look at the ways of developing its various branches, and also find out what the theoretical studies differ from the practical forms of cognitive processes.

General knowledge - what is it?

Part of the cognitive activity, exploring the basic principles of the structure and mechanisms of the universe, as well as affecting the cause-effect relationships arising from the interactions of objects of the material world - this is the fundamental science.

It is designed to study the theoretical aspects of both natural-mathematical and humanitarian disciplines. The special structure of the United Nations, which deals with issues of science, education and culture, UNESCO, refers to fundamental research those that lead to the discovery of new laws of the universe, as well as to the establishment of links between the phenomena of nature and the objects of physical matter.

Why you need to support theoretical research

One of the distinguishing features inherent in highly developed states is the high level of development of general knowledge and generous funding of scientific schools engaged in global projects. As a rule, they do not provide quick material benefits and are often labor intensive and costly. However, it is fundamental science that is the basis on which further practical experiments and implementation of the results obtained in industrial production, agriculture, medicine and other branches of human activity are based.

Science is fundamental and applied - the driving force behind progress

Thus, the global knowledge of the essence of being in all forms of its manifestation is a product of the analytic-synthetic functions of the human brain. The empirical assumptions of ancient philosophers about the discreteness of matter led to the emergence of a hypothesis about the existence of the smallest particles - atoms, for example, in the poem of Lucretia Kara "On the Nature of Things". The brilliant research of MV Lomonosov and D. Dalton led to the creation of an outstanding atomic-molecular theory.

Postulates that provided a fundamental science, served as the basis for subsequent applied research conducted by practitioners.

From theory to practice

The way from the office of a theoretical scientist to a research laboratory can take many years, and can be rapid and saturated with new discoveries. For example, Russian scientists D. D. Ivanenko and E. M. Gapon in 1932 in the laboratory discovered the composition of atomic nuclei, and soon Professor AP Zhdanov proved the existence inside the nucleus of extremely large forces connecting protons and neutrons into a single whole. They were called nuclear, and the applied discipline - nuclear physics - found their use in cyclophasotrons (one of the first ones was created in 1960 in Dubna), in reactors of nuclear power plants (in 1964 in Obninsk), in the military industry. All the examples above illustrate how fundamental and applied science is interconnected.

The role of theoretical research in understanding the evolution of the material world

It is no coincidence that the beginning of the formation of universal knowledge is associated with the development, first of all, of a system of natural disciplines. Our society initially tried not only to learn the laws of material reality, but to get total power over them. Suffice it to recall the famous aphorism of IV Michurin: "We can not wait for favors from nature, it is our task to take them from her". For illustration, let's look at how the physical fundamental science developed. Examples that confirm the human genius can be found in the discoveries that led to the formulation of the law of universal gravitation.

Where knowledge of the law of gravitation is used

It all began with the experiments of Galileo Galilei, who proved that the weight of the body does not affect the speed with which it falls to the ground. Then in 1666 Isaac Newton formulated the postulate of universal significance - the law of universal gravitation.

Theoretical knowledge that physics has received - the fundamental science of nature, humanity has successfully applied in modern geological exploration methods, in the compilation of forecasts of ocean tides. Newton's laws are used in calculating the motion of artificial earth satellites and intergalactic stations.

Biology is a fundamental science

Perhaps, in no other branch of human knowledge is there such an abundance of facts serving as a vivid example of the unique development of cognitive processes in a biological species. A reasonable person. The postulates of the natural sciences, formulated by Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel, Thomas Morgan, IP Pavlov, II Mechnikov and other scientists, fundamentally influenced the development of modern evolutionary theory, medicine, breeding, genetics and agriculture. Further, we give examples that confirm the fact that in the field of biology, fundamental and applied science are closely interrelated.

From modest experiments on the beds - to genetic engineering

In the middle of the XIX century, in a small town in the south of the Czech Republic, G. Mendel experimented on crossing several varieties of peas, which differed in color, and also in the form of seeds. In the obtained hybrid plants, Mendel collected fruits and counted seeds with different characteristics. Due to his extreme scrupulousness and pedantry, the experimenter conducted several thousand experiments, the results of which were presented in the report.

Colleagues-scientists, after listening politely, left him without attention. But in vain. Almost a hundred years passed, and several scientists - De Vries, Tcermak and Correns - announced the discovery of the laws of heredity and the creation of a new biological discipline - genetics. But the laurels of the championship did not go to them.

Time factor in understanding theoretical knowledge

As it turned out later, they duplicated the experiments of G. Mendel, taking only other objects for their research. By the middle of the 20th century, new discoveries in the field of genetics had sprung up from the cornucopia. De Vries creates his mutational theory, T. Morgan - the chromosome theory of heredity, Watson and Creek decipher the structure of DNA.

However, the three main postulates formulated by G. Mendel are still the cornerstone on which biology stands. Fundamental science once again proved that its results are never wasted. They just wait for the right time, when humanity will be ready to understand and evaluate new knowledge on merit.

The role of the disciplines of the humanitarian cycle in the development of global knowledge of the world order

History - one of the very first branches of human knowledge, originated back in ancient times. Its founder is considered Herodotus, and the first theoretical work - the treatise "History", written by him. Until now, this science continues to study the events of the past, and also reveals possible cause-and-effect relationships between them on the scale of both human evolution and the development of individual states.

The outstanding studies of O. Comte, M. Weber, G. Spencer served as weighty evidence in support of the assertion that history is a fundamental science designed to establish the laws of the development of human society at various stages of its development.

Its applied branches - economic history, archeology, history of the state and law - deepen our understanding of the principles of the organization and evolution of the society in the context of the development of civilizations.

Jurisprudence and its place in the system of theoretical sciences

How the state functions, what patterns can be identified in the process of its development, what are the principles of interaction between the state and law - these questions are answered by fundamental legal science. It contains the categories and concepts that are most common for all applied branches of law. They are then successfully used in their work forensic science, forensic medicine, legal psychology.

Jurisprudence ensures observance of legal norms and laws, which is the most important condition for the preservation and prosperity of the state.

The role of informatics in the processes of globalization

To imagine how popular this science is in the modern world, let us cite the following figures: more than 60% of all jobs in the world are equipped with computer equipment, and in knowledge-intensive industries the indicator increases to 95%. The erasure of information barriers between states and their populations, the creation of global world trade and economic monopolies, the formation of international communication networks is impossible without IT technologies.

Informatics as a fundamental science creates a set of principles and methods that provide computerization of the mechanisms of management of any objects and processes occurring in the society. Its most promising applied industries are network development, economic informatics, and computer production management.

Economy and its place in the world scientific potential

Economic fundamental science is the basis for modern interstate industrial production. It reveals causal relationships between all subjects of the economic activity of society, and develops the methodology of a single economic space in the scale of modern human civilization.

Originating in the writings of A. Smith and D. Ricardo, having absorbed the ideas of M. Friedman about monetarism, modern economic science widely uses the concepts of neoclassicism and mainstream. On their basis, applied industries were formed: the regional and post-industrial economies. They study both the principles of rational distribution of production, and the consequences of the scientific and technological revolution.

In this article we have found out what role fundamental science plays in the development of society. The examples given above confirm its paramount importance in the knowledge of the laws and principles of the functioning of the material world.

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