The main dates of the history of Russia. Significant dates in the history of Russia

The Russian Federation is the state that ranks first in terms of area and the ninth in terms of population. It is a country that has traveled from isolated states to a superpower candidate. How did this political, economic and military colossus develop?

In this article we will examine the main dates of the history of Russia. We will see the development of the country from the first mention of it until the end of the twentieth century.

IX-X century

For the first time the word "Rus" is mentioned in 860 in connection with the siege of Constantinople (Constantinople) and the plundering of its environs. According to researchers, over eight thousand people took part in the raid. Byzantines absolutely did not expect an attack from the Black Sea, so they could not give a worthy rebuff. "The Rus have gone unpunished," - says the chronicler.

The next important date was 862. In the history of Russia this is one of the most significant events. According to the "Tale of Bygone Years," it was at that time that representatives of the Slavic tribes invited Rurik to reign.

The chronicle says that they are tired of constant quarrels and civil strifes, which only an alien ruler could put an end to.

As in the year 862, the following was important in the history of Russia: the 863rd. This year, according to the chroniclers, the Slavic alphabet is being created - the Cyrillic alphabet. It is from this time that the official written history of Rus begins.

In 882 Prince Oleg, Rurik's successor, conquers Kiev and makes it a "capital city". This ruler did much for the state. He began to unite the tribes, descended on the Khazar, having repulsed many lands. Now the northerners, Drevlyane, Radimichi pay a tribute not to the Kaganate, but to the Kiev prince.

We are only considering the main dates of the history of Russia. Therefore, we dwell only on some key events.

Thus, the 10th century was marked by a powerful expansion of the Russ into neighboring countries and tribes. So, Igor went to the Pechenegs (920) and Constantinople (944). Prince Svyatoslav defeated the Khazar Khaganate in 965, which significantly strengthened the positions of Kievan Rus in the south and southeast.

In 970 Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became the prince of Kiev. He, along with his uncle Dobrynia, whose image was later reflected in the epic hero, collects a campaign against the Bulgarians. He managed to defeat the tribes of Serbs and Bulgarians on the Danube, resulting in an alliance.

Further, the Kiev prince participates in the campaign of the Bulgarians against the Byzantines. This led to the defeat of the latter and the strengthening of the Bulgarians in this territory.

However, during these visits, the prince is imbued with Christianity. Earlier, his grandmother, Princess Olga, was the first to accept this faith and was not understood by the environment. Now Vladimir the Great decides to baptize the entire state.

Thus, in 988 a number of rituals were held, called to baptize most of the tribes. Those who refused to change their faith voluntarily, were forced to do so by force.

The last important date in the tenth century is the construction of the Church of the Tithes. It was with the help of this building that Christianity finally consolidated in Kiev at the state level.

11th century

The eleventh century was marked by a large number of military conflicts between the princes. Immediately after the death of Vladimir Svyatoslavich, internecine strife begins.

This devastation lasted until 1019, when the throne in Kiev sits Prince Yaroslav, who was subsequently nicknamed the Wise. He ruled for thirty-five years. It is noteworthy that during the years of his reign Kievan Rus practically reaches the level of European states.

As we talk briefly about the history of Russia, the most important dates of the eleventh century are associated with the reign of Yaroslav (in the first half of the century) and a period of turmoil (in the second half of the century).

So, from 1019 until his death in 1054 Prince Yaroslav the Wise makes one of the most famous arches - "Pravda Yaroslav". This is the oldest part of the "Russian Truth".

For five years, since 1030, he built the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernigov.

In the capital in the same year in 1037 begins the construction of the famous temple - Sophia of Kiev. It was completed in 1041.

After the campaign against Byzantium, in 1043, Yaroslav built a similar cathedral in Novgorod.

The death of the Kiev prince began the struggle for the capital between his sons. From 1054 to 1068, Izyaslav rules. Further, with the help of an uprising, the Polotsk prince Vseslav succeeds him. In the epics it is referred to as Volga.

In view of the fact that this ruler still adhered to pagan views on matters of faith, he was credited with the werewolf in folk tales. In the epics he becomes a wolf or a falcon. In the official history, he was nicknamed the Wizard.

Enumerating the main dates of the history of Russia of the eleventh century, it is worth mentioning the creation of the "Pravda of Yaroslavich" in 1072 and "Izbornik Svyatoslav" in 1073. The latter contains in itself descriptions of the lives of the saints, as well as their important teachings.

A more interesting document is Russian Truth. It consists of two parts. The first was written during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, and the second - in 1072. This collection contains norms of criminal, procedural, commercial and hereditary legislation.

The last event, which is worth mentioning in the eleventh century, was the Lyubech congress of princes. He initiated the fragmentation of the Old Russian state. There it was decided that everyone should manage only his own fiefdom.

XII century

Ironically, the Polovtsians played an important role in the reunion of the Old Russian princes. Speaking about the main dates of the history of Russia in the twelfth century, one can not but mention the campaigns on these nomads in 1103, 1107 and 1111. It was these three military campaigns that rallied the Eastern Slavs and created the prerequisites for the reign of Vladimir Monomakh in 1113. His son was Mstislav Vladimirovich.

During the reign of these princes, the "Tale of the Temporary Years" is finally edited, and there is an increase in discontent among the people, which was expressed in the uprisings of 1113 and 1127.

After the death of Yaroslav the Wise, the political history of Europe and the history of Russia are gradually being alienated. The dates and events of the twelfth century are fully confirmed.

While here there was a struggle for the power caused by disintegration of the Kiev power, in the Western Europe association of Spain and some crusades are carried out.

In Russia the following happened. In 1136, due to the uprising and expulsion of Vsevolod Mstislavovich, a republic was established in Novgorod.

In 1147 the chronicles first mention the name Moscow. It is from this time that the gradual ascent of the city begins, which is destined to become the capital of the united state.

The end of the twelfth century was marked by an even greater disunity of the state and the weakening of the principalities. All this led to the fact that Russia is deprived of freedom, falling into the yoke of the Mongol-Tatars.

As these events took place in the thirteenth century, we'll talk about them later.

XIII century

In this century, the independent history of Russia is temporarily interrupted. The dates, the table of the campaigns of Batu, which is shown below, as well as maps of the battles with the Mongols, point to the inapplicability of many princes in matters of military operations.

Trekking of Khan Batu

The Council of the Mongol Khans decides to begin a campaign against Russia, the army was led by Batu, the grandson of Genghis Khan	1235
The defeat of the Mongols of the Volga Bulgaria	1236
Submission of Polovtsians and the beginning of a campaign against Russia	1237
Siege and capture of Ryazan	December 1237
The fall of Kolomna and Moscow	January 1238
The capture of the Mongols by Vladimir	3-7 February 1238
The defeat of the Russian troops on the river City and the death of the Prince of Vladimir	4 March 1238
The fall of the city of Torzhok, the return of the Mongols in the steppe	March 1238
The beginning of the siege of Kozelsk	25 March 1238
Rest of the Mongolian army in the Donets steppes	Summer 1238
The fall of Murom, Nizhny Novgorod and Gorokhovets	Autumn 1238
Batu invasion of the South Russian principalities, the fall of Putivl, Pereyaslavl and Chernigov	Summer 1239
Siege and capture of Kiev by the Mongol-Tatars	5-6 September 1240

Several stories are known, when city residents could give heroic rebuff to invaders (for example, Kozelsk). But there is no mention of any events when the princes defeated the Mongol army.

Concerning Kozelsk - this is just a unique story. The campaign of the invincible army of Khan Baty, who ravaged Northeast Russia from 1237 to 1240, was stopped near the walls of a small fortress.

This town was the capital of the principality in the land of the former tribe of Vyatichi. According to scientists, the number of his defenders did not exceed four hundred people. However, the Mongols could take the fortress only after seven weeks of siege and loss of more than four thousand soldiers.

It is noteworthy that the defense was held by ordinary residents, without a prince and the governor. At this time in Kozelsk, the grandson of Mstislav, the twelve-year-old Vasily, "ruled." Nevertheless, the townspeople decided to protect him and defend the city.

After the capture of the fortress by the Mongols, it was razed to the ground, and all the inhabitants were killed. Neither infants nor infirm old people were spared.

After this battle, the remaining important dates in the history of Russia related to the Mongol invasion concern exclusively southern principalities.

So, in 1238, a little earlier than Kozelsk's defense, a battle is taking place near the Kolomna River. In 1239 Chernigov and Pereyaslavl were plundered. And in 1240, Kiev fell as well.

In 1243 the state of the Mongols, the Golden Horde, was formed. Now the Russian princes are obliged to take a "shortcut to reign" from the khans.

In the northern lands at this time is a completely different picture. Russia is approaching the Swedish and German troops. They are opposed by the Novgorod prince Alexander Nevsky.

In 1240, he defeats the Swedes on the Neva River, and in 1242 he defeated the German knights (the so-called Battle of the Ice).

In the second half of the thirteenth century, several punitive expeditions of the Mongols to Rus took place. They were directed against the disagreeable princes, who were not labeled on the board. So, in 1252, Nevryueva was hostile, and in 1293 Khan Dyuden destroyed fourteen large settlements of North-Eastern Russia.

In view of complex events and the gradual transition of administration to the northern lands, in 1299 the patriarch moved from Kiev to Vladimir.

XIV century

More significant dates in the history of Russia belong to the fourteenth century. In 1325 Ivan Kalita comes to power. He begins to collect all the principalities in a single state. Thus, by 1340 some lands joined Moscow, and in 1328 Kalita became a Grand Duke.

In 1326 Vladimir Metropolitan Peter moved the residence to Moscow as a more promising city.

Started in 1347 in Western Europe, the plague ("black death") comes in 1352, and to Russia. She destroyed many people.

While mentioning important dates in the history of Russia, it is especially worthwhile to dwell on the events connected with Moscow. In 1359 Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoi ascended to the throne. For two years, since 1367, the construction of the stone Kremlin in Moscow is taking place. It was because of this that it was later called "white stone".

By the end of the fourteenth century, Rus finally emerges from the rule of the Golden Horde khans. So, in this vein, important events are the battle near the river Vozhi (1378) and the Battle of Kulikovo (1380). These victories showed to the Mongol-Tatars that a powerful state is being formed in the north, which will not be under someone's power.

However, the Golden Horde did not want to lose the tributaries so easily. In 1382 Khan Tokhtamysh collected a large army and ravaged Moscow.

This was the last catastrophe associated with the Mongol-Tatars. Although Russia finally got rid of their yoke only a century later. But during this time no one else bothered her borders.

Moreover, in 1395 Tamerlane finally destroys the Golden Horde. But the yoke over Russia continued to exist.

15th century

The main dates in the history of Russia in the fifteenth century relate, in the main, to the unification of lands in a single Moscow state.

The first half of the century passed in internecine strife. Over the years, Vasily I and Vasily II, the Dark, Yuri Zvenigorodsky and Dmitry Shemyaka were in power.

The events of the first half of the fifteenth century remind a little of 1917 in the history of Russia. The civil war that followed the revolution also revealed many specific princes, gang leaders, who were subsequently destroyed by Moscow.

The reason for the internecine strife lay in the choice of ways to strengthen the state. Outwardly, the political activities of the provisional rulers are connected with the Tatars and Lithuanians, who sometimes made raids. Some princes were guided by the support of the East, others trusted the West more.

The moral of the decades of civil strife was that those who did not hope for external support won, but strengthened the country from within. Thus, the result was the unification of many small specific lands under the rule of the Grand Duke of Moscow.

An important step was the establishment of autocephaly in the Russian Orthodox Church. Now they proclaimed the metropolitans of Kiev and all Russia. That is, dependence on Byzantium and the Patriarch of Constantinople was destroyed.

In the course of feudal wars and religious misunderstandings, in 1458 the department of the Moscow Metropolitanate of Kiev was established.

The strife between the princes ended with the accession of John III. He defeated the Novgorodians in the Battle of Shelons in 1471, and in 1478 he finally annexed Novgorod to the Moscow principality.

In 1480 one of the most significant events of the fifteenth century took place. It is known in the annals called Stojenie na Ugra. This is a very interesting story, which contemporaries considered "the mystical intercession of the Virgin." Khan Akhmat collected a large army and spoke against Ivan III, who was in league with the Crimean Khan.

But before the battle did not come. After a long standing of the troops against each other, both armies turned back. Researchers have found out in our time that this was due to the weakness of the Great Horde and the actions of subversive detachments in the rear of Akhmat.

Thus, in 1480, the Moscow Principality becomes a fully sovereign state.

The 1552 year in the history of Russia became similar in importance. We'll talk about it a little later.

In 1497 the "Code of Law" was officially adopted and approved, the code of laws for all the inhabitants of the state.

XVI century

The sixteenth century is characterized by powerful processes of centralization of the country. Joined during the reign of Basil III to Moscow Pskov (1510), Smolensk (1514) and Ryazan (1521). Also for the first time in 1517, the Boyar Duma was mentioned as a state governing body.

With the death of Basil III begins a small decline of Muscovy. The rules at this time are Elena Glinskaya, who was replaced by Boyar power. But the end of arbitrariness was put by the grown-up son of the deceased prince, John Vasilyevich.

He ascended the throne in 1547. Ivan the Terrible began with foreign policy. In the state itself, in fact until 1565, the prince relied on Zemsky sobors and boyars. During these eighteen years he was able to join many territories.

Noteworthy is the year 1552 in the history of Russia. Then Ivan the Terrible captures Kazan and joins the Khanate to the Muscovite state. In addition to it, such territories as the Astrakhan Khanate (1556), the city of Polotsk (1562) were conquered.

The Siberian Khan in 1555 recognizes himself a vassal of Ivan Vasilyevich. However, in 1563, the succeeded Khan Kuchum, who replaced him on the throne, broke all relations with Muscovy.

After a decade and a half of conquests, the Grand Duke looks at the internal situation in the country. In 1565 the oprichnina was founded and persecution and terror began. All boyar families that began to be attached to power are destroyed, and their property is confiscated. The executions lasted until 1572.

In 1582, Ermak began his famous campaign in Siberia, which lasted a year.

In 1583, peace was signed with Sweden, which returned all the lands conquered during the war.

In 1584, Ivan Vasilyevich dies and Boris Godunov actually comes to power. The real tsar he became only in 1598, after the death of Fyodor, the son of Ivan the Terrible.

In 1598, the Rurikovich line was interrupted, and after the death of Boris (in 1605) the Time of Troubles and the Semiboryshchina began.

XVII century

The most important event was in 1613 in the history of Russia. He influenced not only this century, but also for the next three hundred years. This year, the troubles ended and Mikhail came to power, the founder of the Romanov dynasty.

The seventeenth century is characterized by the processes of formation and development of the Moscow kingdom. In foreign policy there are conflicts with Poland (1654), Sweden (1656). From 1648 to 1654 there was an uprising in Ukraine under the leadership of Khmelnitsky.

Riots in the Moscow kingdom were in 1648 (Salt), 1662 (Copper), 1698 (Streletsky). In 1668-1676 there was an uprising on the Solovetsky Islands. And from 1670 to 1671 the Cossacks revolted under the leadership of Stenka Razin.

In addition to political and economic turmoil in the middle of the seventeenth century, religious confusion and division are brewing. Patriarch Nikon tried to reform the spiritual life of society, but was not received by the Old Believers. In 1667, he was convicted and exiled to exile.

Thus, for seven decades the process of forming a single state was going on, in which different institutions "got used to" each other. He ends with the accession of Peter I.

It turns out that 1613 in the history of Russia was the beginning of a departure from feudalism. And Peter Alekseevich turned the kingdom into an empire and brought Russia to the international level.

XVIII century

The century of the most powerful rise that only the history of Russia knew - the 18th century. The dates of the founding of new cities, universities, academies and other places speak for themselves.

So, in 1703 St. Petersburg is being built. In 1711 the Senate was established, and in 1721 - the Synod. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences was founded. In 1734 - the main military educational institution of the country, land gentry building. In 1755 the Moscow University was founded. This is only part of the events that show a powerful cultural growth in the state.

In 1712, the capital was transferred from the "old" Moscow to the "young" Petersburg. In addition, in 1721 Russia was declared an empire, and Peter Alekseevich was the first to receive the corresponding title.

The eighteenth century will be especially interesting for those who are occupied by the military history of Russia. The dates and events of this century show the unprecedented power of the Russian army and navy, as well as the wonders of engineering thought.

In the nineteenth century, the country entered a powerful empire that won Turkey, Sweden, Rzeczpospolita.

XIX century

If the feature of the previous century was the cultural and military growth of the state, then in the next period there is a slight reorientation of interests. Rapid economic development and separation of government from the people - all this is the history of Russia, the 19th century.

The dates of the significant events of that time tell us about the growth of bribery among officials, as well as about the attempts of the authorities to create thoughtless performers from the lower strata of society.

The main military conflicts of this century were the Patriotic War (1812) and the confrontation between Russia and Turkey (1806, 1828, 1853, 1877).

In domestic policy there are many reforms aimed at further enslaving ordinary people. These are Speransky's reforms (1809), great reforms (1862), judicial reform (1864), censorship (1865), universal military service (1874).

Even if we take into account the abolition of serfdom in 1861, it is still evident that the bureaucratic apparatus strives for the maximum exploitation of the common people.
The response to this policy was a series of uprisings. 1825 - the Decembrists. 1830 and 1863 years - the uprising in Poland. In 1881, the Narodnaya Volya killing Alexander II.

On the wave of general discontent with the government, the positions of the Social Democrats are getting stronger. The first congress took place in 1898.

XX century

Despite the wars discussed above, catastrophes and other horrors, especially some dates of the 20th century are especially scary. History of Russia until this time did not know such a nightmare, which in the first quarter of the century the Bolsheviks arranged.

The revolution of 1905 and participation in the First World War (1914-1917) were the last straw for ordinary workers and peasants.

1917 in the history of Russia was remembered for a long time. After the October Revolution and the abdication of Nicholas II from the throne, his family was seized and shot in July 1918. A civil war begins, which lasted until 1922, when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was formed. A similar revolution and devastation marked 1991 in the history of Russia.

The first years of the existence of the new state were marked by social catastrophes of enormous proportions. This famine in 1932-1933 and repression in 1936-1939.

In 1941, the USSR entered the Second World War. We have this conflict in the historical tradition called the Great Patriotic War. After the victory in 1945, the country's recovery and short-term takeoff begins.

1991 in the history of Russia became a revolution. The Soviet Union collapsed, leaving all the dreams of a "bright future" under the wreckage. In fact, people had to learn life from scratch in a market economy in a new state.

Thus, we, dear friends, briefly went over the most significant events in the history of Russia.

Good luck, and remember that answers to future questions are stored in the lessons of the past.