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The Kola Peninsula: history. The rivers and cities of the Kola Peninsula

This peninsula is in the north-west of the Russian Federation, is part of the Murmansk region. From the north it is washed by the Barents Sea, and in the east and south - by the White Sea. The western boundary of the peninsula is a meridional basin that stretches from the Kola Bay along the Kola River to the Kandalaksha Gulf.

Its area is 100 thousand square kilometers, the northern coast is precipitous and high, and the southern one is flat and low, flat. In the west of the peninsula there are mountain ranges - Hibiny and Lovozero Tundra. In its center stretches Cave's ridge.

Geographical position

The Kola Peninsula occupies seventy percent of the territory of the Murmansk region. It is located in the far north of Russia. Almost all of its territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle.

Climatic conditions

The Kola Peninsula is distinguished by a very diverse climate. The warm North-Atlantic current warms it in the north-west. Here the climate is milder subarctic, marine. Closer to the east, center and southwest of the territory, continentalism is growing - here the climate becomes moderately cold. The average January temperature ranges from -10 ° C in the northwest to -18 ° C in the center. In July, the air warms up from +8 ° C to +10 ° C.

Completely snow cover is set in the first days of October, but only leaves at the end of May (in the mountains this process is delayed until mid-June). There are often frosts and snow falling out even in the summer. On the coast, strong winds often blow (up to 55 m / s), in winter, long snowstorms are common.

Relief and nature

The Kolsky peninsula is terraces and valleys, plateaus and mountains. The arrays of the peninsula rise above sea level by more than eight hundred meters. Marshes and numerous lakes occupy plains.

Ponds are rich in various kinds of fish - palia and salmon, trout and whitefish, pike and grayling. Flounder and cod, capelin and halibut, crab and herring are abundant in the seas washing the territory.

History of the peninsula

Its specialists are divided into four main stages. The first began even before the Russians arrived on the Kola Peninsula. In those days there lived an indigenous population - the Saami. They were engaged in hunting deer, picking berries, fishing. Lived Sami in the huts, having a flat roof - tupas, or in huts made of deer skins - kuvaksah.

The second historical period begins in the eleventh century, with the appearance of the first Pomeranian settlements. Their inhabitants were doing the same thing as the Sami, but, unlike them, rarely went out hunting.

They lived in ordinary Russian houses, but with very narrow windows. They were necessary to keep the heat as much as possible. In these narrow windows were installed whole pieces of ice. When he thawed, a strong connection with the tree was formed.

The third historical period of the Kola Peninsula can be considered a war against the interventionists. From the ancient times, the Norwegians interfered with the indigenous population. They have long claimed the land of the Saami. They had to fight with them, defending their territory. For the Norwegians to claim the peninsula became the British. In the XVII and XVIII centuries, they burned the cola - a fortress erected in the mouth of the river of the same name.

The fourth stage in the history of the peninsula is entirely connected with the appearance of the city of Murmansk. The first prospectors appeared in these places in 1912. Today it is the largest port in the Arctic.

Cities of the Kola Peninsula

The first settlement of Pomors, which appeared on the territory of the present town of Kola, appeared in 1264. It is mentioned in the notes of Simon van Salingen, a merchant from Holland in the 16th century.

At this time, Pomors began active trade with Norwegians, Swedes, Englishmen, Danes, who arrived on ships to the Kola Peninsula. The city of Kola became an administrative center. Its population was engaged in fishing, breeding of poultry and cattle.

In 1814, the first stone church was built here on the peninsula. The townspeople became famous for their fearless reflection of the attacks of the Swedes and the British.

Murmansk

This largest city of the Arctic is located on the Kola Peninsula. It was founded in October 1916. At first he was named Romanov-on-Murman. This name was worn by the city until April 1917. It is located on the shore of the Kola Bay, 50 kilometers from the Barents Sea. It is surrounded by numerous hills.

Its area is 15055 hectares (including the area of the Kola Bay water area - 1357 hectares). The city consists of three administrative districts - Oktyabrsky, Leninsky and Pervomaisky.

Murmansk can not be ranked among the largest cities in our country, but it is the largest city in the world, located beyond the Arctic Circle.

In May 1985 he received the high title of "Hero City", and in February 1971 he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

Apatity

Kola Peninsula, a photo of which can often be seen on the pages of travel books, does not have many large cities on its territory. One of them is Apatity, with its territory under its jurisdiction, which includes the Khibiny station and the Tik-Guba settlement.

The city lies between the lake Imandra and the mountains of Khibiny, on the banks of the Belaya River. The population is 57905 people.

In 1916 a railway station appeared on the site of the present city, in connection with the beginning of the construction of the road. In 1930, the state farm "Industriya" was organized here.

The city was founded in 1951, and three years later the construction of the Academgorodok began. In connection with the death of Stalin's work was suspended until 1956. Then the city began to build the Kirov GRES. In 1956 the first residential building was commissioned.

In 1966 the city was transformed. It included the village Molodezhny.

Winter on the Kola Peninsula

This is the longest season in these parts. Winter lasts up to eight months. In October there is a snow cover, and in May the lakes and rivers are still frozen. And at the same time in winter Kola Peninsula (photo you see in our article) is a unique, fairy-tale world. Despite the fact that the temperature can drop below 40 degrees, the cold is completely unaffected and practically not felt, thanks to a low level of humidity.

polar night

Due to the fact that the Kola Peninsula is located beyond the Arctic Circle, during the period from the end of November until the end of January the polar night reigns here.

The black sky is strewn with bright stars, cities are lit by electric lights. At noon the sky lightens a little, purple, dark blue and even pink shades appear on it. So there are two short hours of twilight. Then the sky turns dark again.

Northern Lights

Few of the inhabitants of the European part of our country have seen this extraordinary sight, which decorates the Kola Peninsula in winter. The black sky suddenly blossoms with tongues of fiery shades - from purple to blue-green. It's like a laser show, it's impossible to look away from him. It can be observed from September to April. Until now, the northern lights are considered a mysterious phenomenon, even the inhabitants of the Polar region can not get used to.

The rivers of the peninsula

The reservoirs of this land are mainly fed by meltwater (up to 60% of the runoff). The rivers of the Kola Peninsula are deep in water two months a year (May-June), and then they significantly become shallow. The water level in them largely depends on the summer rains.

Their length exceeds 50 thousand km. They are referred to the basin of the two northern seas - the Barents and the White. Some of them are more than 200 km long - Varzuga, Ponoy, Tuloma. They occupy 70% of the total area of the basins of the Murmansk region. Almost all rivers have a meridional direction of the current, the Ponoy River is the latitudinal current.

Many rivers (Niva, Voronya, Umba, etc.) flow from large lakes. The water in them is usually greenish-blue and transparent. During the high water, a lot of silt, sand, fallen leaves are transferred. The Kolsky Peninsula is distinguished by a long freeze-up - 7 months, the ice cover remains up to 210 days a year. The rivers are opened in May.

Hydro resources

On the rivers Tuloma, Niva, Kovda, Voronya there are hydroelectric power stations and reservoirs. Unlike the flat southern rivers, in the northern because of the cooling of water on the rapids in the cold season, bottom ice forms.

The rivers of the Kola Peninsula are divided into four groups:

  • Semi-equal (Varzuga, Ponoy, Strelna);
  • River canals (Varzina, Niva, Kolvitsa);
  • Lake type (Umba, Drozdovka, Rynda);
  • Mountain type (Kuna, Small White).

Fishing

Kola Peninsula today is one of the most interesting places for true connoisseurs of fishing for trout and salmon. It is well known all over the world as the best place for catching "noble fish". Conditionally the rivers of the peninsula are divided by fishermen into those that flow into the cold Barents Sea, and those that bring their waters to the White Sea.

Fishing on the Kola Peninsula is a pleasure not only for beginners, but also for lovers of this lesson with experience. In July, a large number of not very large salmon - "tindy" - enters the peninsula's rivers, and in August herds contain medium salmon.

This severe edge left an imprint on the inhabitants of the reservoirs. In many rivers there is no grayling, here it is replaced by arctic char and whitefish.

River trout here grows to very solid five- and sometimes seven-kilogram sizes, and trout does not exceed 2 kilograms.

The most famous rivers, attracting fishermen from all over the country and from abroad to the Kola Peninsula (Russia), belonging to the northern shore, are Jokanaga, Kola, Rynda, Harlovka, Varzina, Eastern Face. It is here that the best fishing on the Kola Peninsula is organized by the savage.

The Harlowka River

This amazing river is well known to experienced salmon fishing masters. In addition, travelers often come here who appreciate the unusual northern nature. They are attracted by a beautiful waterfall. A huge mass of water can lead to the indescribable delight of a man who at least once saw this amazing spectacle.

Harlovka is known for particularly large salmon and no less large trout. True, fish can only pass through waterfall streams at an appropriate level of water in the river. Sometimes anglers throw a catch and watch as the salmon tries to overcome this obstacle. In a white water foam, the fish jumps out of the water. In the upper part of the waterfall there is a natural slab with which you can capture this process on film. Residents of the Kola Peninsula have not been surprised for a long time with unique frames, on which a huge fish seems to fly into the camera lens.

In Harlovka, excellent fishing, which is why not only fishermen come here, "savages", but also organized quality organized tours.

Bell

This river attracts a combination of excellent fishing and natural beauty. Three large multistage waterfalls, a huge amount of trout and salmon make this place extremely attractive.

Fishing on the Kola Peninsula on the Rynda River has many fans. Some of them come to these places on fishing tours for 17-18 years.

Tersky shore

The rivers that are on the southern Tersky coast are very popular in a wide range of anglers around the world.

This is the magnificent Umba River, and the rapids and expansive Varzuga with tributaries, Kitsa and Pan, inhabited by numerous salmon herds, and the famous Tersky rivers Strelna, Chapoma, Chavanga, Pyalitsa.

It should be noted that the rivers of the Tersky coast are distinguished by a very wide list of inhabiting fish. They go to spawn spawns salmon, salmon, sea trout.

In these rivers constantly live stream trout, trout, grayling, whitefish.

Of carp species, roaches are found. And predators are represented by perch, pike, burbot.

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