Socialization of the child. Socialization of children and adolescents in the team

The child comes to this world, as they say, tabula rasa (that is, a "clean sheet"). And it is on how to raise a child, and his future life will depend: this person will be successful in the future or will sink to the very bottom of life. That is why in this article in detail we will consider such a problem as the socialization of the child.

Terminology

Initially, of course, you need to determine the terms that will be used extensively throughout the article. So, the socialization of the child is the development of the baby since the very moment of its birth. It depends on the interaction of crumbs with the environment, while the child will actively absorb all that he sees, hears, feels. This is the understanding and assimilation of all cultural and moral norms and values, as well as the processes of self-development in the society to which the child belongs.

Speaking generally, socialization is the process of assimilating the child's social norms, values and principles that exist in a given society. And also the absorption of those rules of conduct, which are actively used by its members.

Structural components

It is also important to note that the socialization of the child consists of the following structural components:

1. Spontaneous socialization. In this case, we are talking about the process of self-development of the baby under the influence of objective circumstances. It is very difficult to control this component.
2. Relatively directed socialization. In this case, we are talking about the nuances that the state is taking to solve problems directly affecting the person. This is a different kind of economic, organizational and legislative measures.
3. Relatively controlled socialization. These are all those spiritual and cultural norms created by the state as a whole and society in isolation.
4. Conscious self-change of a person. However, it should be noted that this point of socialization is not peculiar to children. He most likely refers more to adults. The minimum - to adolescents, who came to the conclusion that you need to change something in your life.

Stages of socialization

It should also be noted that the socialization of the child consists of a number of important stages that differ depending on the age of the crumbs:

1. Infancy (the age of the baby before the first year of life).
2. Early childhood, when a crumb from 1 to 3 years.
3. Preschool age (from 3 to 6 years).
4. Junior school age (6-10 years).
5. The younger adolescence (this is about 10-12 years).
6. Senior adolescent (12-14 years) age.
7. Early adolescence (15-18 years).

Then there are other stages of socialization, but not a child, but an adult. After all, according to the UN Convention, a child is considered a person who has not reached adulthood. We are 18 years of age.

Factors of socialization

The process of socialization is very difficult. After all, it includes the notion of socialization factors as well . In this case, we are talking about those conditions and the behavior of society, which clearly articulates certain norms and principles in the child. The factors are divided into four huge groups:

1. Megafactors. Such that affect all the inhabitants of the planet. For example, this is the cosmos, the world, the planet. In this case, the child must be educated to understand the value of the Earth, that is, the planet on which everyone lives.
2. Macrofactors. Covers a smaller number of people. Namely inhabitants of one state, people, ethnos. So, everyone knows that different regions differ in climatic conditions, urbanization processes, the nuances of the economy and, of course, cultural peculiarities. It will not be a secret to anyone that it is precisely according to historical features that a special type of personality is formed.
3. Mesofactors. These are also social factors that strongly influence people. So, these are groups of people, divided by the type of settlement. That is, it is about where the child lives: in the village, town or town. In this case, the communication routes, the presence of subcultures (the most important stage in the process of autonomization of the personality), the features of a particular place of settlement are of utmost importance. It is also worth noting that regional differences can have a completely different effect on a person.
4. Microfactors. Well, the last group of factors that have the greatest impact on a person are family, microsocium, home, neighborhood, education, and attitude to religion.

Agents of socialization

The upbringing and socialization of the child are under the influence of so-called agents. Who are they? So, agents of socialization are those institutes or groups, thanks to which the child assimilates those or other norms, values and rules of behavior.

1. Individuals. These are people who directly contact the child in the process of education and training. Parents, relatives, friends, teachers, neighbors, etc.
2. Certain institutions. These are kindergartens, schools, groups of additional development, circles, etc. That is, those institutions that also influence the child in one way or another.

It should also be said that there is a division for primary and secondary socialization. The role of agents in such cases will vary significantly.

1. Thus, in early childhood, up to three years, the most important role as agents of socialization is assigned to individuals: parents, grandparents and the closest surrounding of the baby. That is, those people who contact him from birth and in the first years of life.
2. From 3 to 8 years, other agents enter the work, for example, a kindergarten or other educational institution. Here, on the upbringing of the child, except for the nearest environment, the influence is rendered by educators, nannies, doctors, etc.
3. In the period from 8 to 18 years, the media has a great influence on the person's personality: television, the Internet.

Early socialization of children

As already mentioned above, the process of socialization of children consists of two main stages: primary and secondary socialization. Now I want to talk about the first most important point.

Thus, in the process of (primary) early socialization, it is the family that is of paramount importance. Only after being born, the baby is helpless and still not at all ready for life in a new world for him. And only parents and other close relatives help him to adapt at the very first time. It is worth noting that the child after birth is not only growing and developing, but also socializing. After all, he absorbs in himself what he sees around: how parents communicate with each other, what and how they say. This is the time of the crumb and will reproduce. And if a child is told that he is harmful, first of all, it is necessary to reproach not the baby, but the parents. After all, only they provoke their child to such behavior. If the parents are quiet, do not communicate in elevated tones and do not shout, the baby will be the same. Otherwise, the children become capricious, nervous, quick-tempered. This is already the nuance of socialization. That is, the child believes that this way and need to behave in the future in society. What will he do with time in the kindergarten, on the street, in the park or on a visit.

What is it, the socialization of the child in the family? If we draw a small conclusion, then all parents should be reminded: we must not forget that the child absorbs everything that sees in the family. And this he will transfer to his life in the future.

A few words about dysfunctional families

Successful socialization of children is possible only if the agents meet publicly acceptable standards. This is where the problem of disadvantaged families arises . So, this is a special, structurally-functional type of family, which is characterized by a low social status in the most diverse spheres of life. It is worth noting that such a family very rarely performs the functions assigned to it for a number of reasons: first of all economic, but also pedagogical, social, legal, medical, psychological, etc. It is here that most often all kinds of problems arise in the socialization of children.

Facilities

The process of socialization is so complex that it includes multiple nuances and elements. So, separately also it is necessary to consider also various means of socialization of children. What, then, are we talking about? This is a set of necessary elements that are specific to each individual society, social stratum, and age. So, these are, for example, ways of nursing and feeding a newborn, the formation of hygienic and living conditions, the products of material and spiritual culture that surround the child, a set of both positive and negative sanctions in the event of a particular act. This is all the most important means of socialization, thanks to which the child and assimilates all possible norms of behavior, as well as the values that others try to impart to him.

Mechanisms

Understanding how the socialization of the child's personality takes place, it is also worth paying attention to the mechanisms of its work. So, in science, there are two main ones. The first of them is social and pedagogical. This mechanism includes:

1. Traditional mechanism. This is the child's assimilation of the norms of behavior, attitudes and stereotypes that are characteristic of his closest associates: families and relatives.
2. Institutional. In this case, the impact on the child of the most diverse social institutions, with which he interacts in the course of his development, is involved.
3. Stylized. There is already talk about the influence of the subculture or other characteristics (for example, religious) on the development of the child.
4. Interpersonal. The child learns the norms of behavior, principles through communication with certain people.
5. Reflective. It is already a more complex mechanism of self-identification of oneself as a unit of a large whole, the correlation of oneself and the world around.

Another important mechanism of child socialization is social and psychological. In science, it is divided into the following elements:

1. Suppression. It is the process of excluding feelings, thoughts, desires.
2. Insulation. When a child tries to get rid of unwanted thoughts or feelings.
3. Projection. Transferring certain norms of behavior and values to another person.
4. Identification. In the process, her child relates herself to other people, the team, the group.
5. Introjection. The child's transfer of the attitudes of another person: authority, idol.
6. Empathy. The most important mechanism of empathy.
7. Self-deception. A child knows for sure that his thoughts and judgments are not right.
8. Sublimation. The most useful mechanism for transferring a need or desire into a socially acceptable reality.

"Complex" children

Separately, we need to say a few words about how the socialization of children with HIA (that is, with limited health opportunities) is taking place. Initially, it should be noted that the primary importance here is the primary socialization of crumbs, that is, everything that will happen at home. If parents treat a child with special needs as a full member of society, secondary socialization will not be as difficult as it can be. Of course, there will be difficulties, because special children are often negatively or just watchful peers. They are not treated as equal, which has a very negative effect on the formation of the child's personality. It should be noted that the socialization of children with HIA should take place in much the same way as in the case of the most ordinary healthy baby. However, additional funds may be required. The main problems that can arise on this path are:

• Insufficient number of necessary aids for full socialization (elementary, lack of ramps in schools).
• Lack of attention and communication, when it comes to children in HIA.
• The omissions at the stage of early socialization of such children, when they begin to perceive themselves completely differently, as it should be.

It is also important to note that, in this case, trained teachers should especially work with children, who are able to take into account the needs and, most importantly, the capabilities of such special children.

Children who were left without parents

Special attention should be paid to orphans when considering the stages of socialization of such a child. Why? It's simple, because with such kids, the primary institution of socialization is not the family, as it should be, but a special institution - the baby's house, orphanage, boarding school. It is worth noting that this gives rise to multiple problems. So, initially such crumbs completely in the wrong key begin to perceive life as it is. That is, from an early age the child starts to make himself a certain model of behavior and the subsequent life of the type that he sees at the moment. Also, the process of upbringing and education of orphaned children is completely different. Such crumbs are much less paid to personal attention, they receive less bodily warmth, caresses and cares from an early age. And all this strictly affects the attitude and formation of personality. Specialists have long said that graduates of such institutions - boarding schools, in the end turn out to be less self-sufficient, unadapted to life in society outside the walls of educational institutions. They do not have those basic skills and skills that will allow them to properly manage their households, dispose of material resources and even their own time.

Socialization of the baby in the kindergarten

How does the child's socialization take place in the Dow? It is worth recalling that in this case, we are already talking about secondary socialization. That is, various educational institutions enter the work, which strictly affect the life of a person. So, in the kindergarten the main role is played by the learning process of the baby. It is for this purpose that specialists develop the most diverse educational programs that educators should follow. Their goals:

• Creating positive conditions for the development of children (choice of motivation, the creation of a particular behavioral form).
• Thinking about the types and forms of pedagogical activity. That is, it is important to design the classes so that they, for example, form a positive attitude toward the world, a sense of self-worth, a need for empathy, and so on.
• It is also important to be able to determine the level of development of each child in order to be able to work with each baby according to his needs and opportunities.

The most important element is the socialization of the child. The program, which for this purpose will be chosen by the Dow staff, is also a special and crucial moment. It is from this that much can envy in the subsequent learning of crumbs.

Children and adult socialization: features

Having examined the features of the socialization of children, I also want to compare everything with similar processes in adults. What are the differences?

1. If we talk about adults, then in the process of socialization, behavior changes in a person. In children, the basic values are adjusted.
2. Adult people are able to evaluate what is happening. Children just learn the information, it's priceless.
3. An adult person is able to distinguish not only "white" and "black", but also different shades of "gray". Such people understand how to behave at home, at work, in a team, performing certain roles. The child simply obeys the adults, fulfilling their demands and wishes.
4. Adults in the process of socialization acquire certain skills. It is also worth noting that only a conscious adult person is subject to the processes of resocialization. In children, socialization only forms motivation for a certain behavior.

If socialization fails ...

It happens that the conditions of the child's socialization are completely inappropriate and inadequate to generally accepted requirements. This can be compared to a shot: the process has started, but it does not reach the desired goal. Why sometimes socialization is unsuccessful?

1. Some experts are ready to assert that there is a connection with mental illness and unsuccessful socialization.
2. Socialization is also unsuccessful even if the child passes these processes at an early age, not in the family, but in various institutions: a boarding school, a baby house.
3. One of the reasons for the unsuccessful socialization is the hospitalism of toddlers. That is, if the child spends a lot of time in the walls of hospitals. Experts argue that the processes of socialization in such children are also violated and do not correspond to generally accepted norms.
4. And, of course, unsuccessful socialization can be in case of too strong influence on the child of the mass media, television or the Internet.

To the question of resocialization

Having considered various social factors - the driving forces of the process of socialization of the child, it is also worth mentioning a couple of words about such a problem as resocialization. As already mentioned above, these processes are not subject to children. This is true, however, if we talk about independence. That is, the child himself can not come to the understanding that his norms of behavior are wrong and that something needs to be changed. This is peculiar only to adults. If we are talking about children, then the question arises about the so-called forced resocialization. When a child is simply retrained for what is necessary for a full life in society.

So, resocialization is the process of assimilation by the child of new norms and values, roles and skills instead of those previously received and used for some time. There are many ways of resocialization. But still experts say that it is psychotherapy - the most effective and effective way, if we talk about children. With these babies should work special specialists, and besides, this will have to spend a lot of time. However, the results are always positive. Even if the norms and principles of unsuccessful socialization have been used by the child for quite a long time.