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Neonatal jaundice in newborns: causes, symptoms and treatment

The birth of crumbs is a great joy for parents. However, sometimes, especially when it comes to the first-born, it can be overshadowed by a discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes of the baby. The phenomenon, known as neonatal jaundice, occurs quite often, so those who should soon have a baby, it is worth learning about it more.

Causes

The appearance of jaundice in newborns is absolutely normal. This phenomenon is observed if the content of bilirubin exceeds the norm in blood of the crumbs due to the decays of erythrocytes. It should be understood that in addition to own blood cells, the newborn's body also has to process the residual erythrocytes of the mother. Thus, the load becomes significant, and as a result, excess bilirubin accumulates, which leads to yellowing of the eye sclera and skin of the baby. In this case, the child does not have other pathologies, he is considered healthy, and he does not need treatment.

Physiological form

Usually, changes in the appearance of the child are observed on the 2nd-5th day after his birth and disappear at the 2nd week of life. At the same time, it is possible to contribute to the early disappearance of the symptoms of the physiological jaundice, if you apply the baby to the breast more often. This will speed up the allocation of the original feces - meconium, with which excess bilirubin is removed from the body. In addition, it is recommended to walk with the baby more often in the fresh air.

Physiological neonatal jaundice of a newborn: causes

As already mentioned, the natural color of the skin and mucous membranes is usually restored to the 10-14th day of life. Otherwise, neonatal jaundice is diagnosed. Its reason may be:

  • Prematurity of the child;
  • Bilirubin hyperproduction;
  • Enzymatic immaturity of liver cells;
  • Decreased ability of blood serum to bind bilirubin.
  • Pathological neonatal jaundice (protracted).

The disease can be congenital and acquired.

In the first case, neonatal jaundice can be a consequence:

  • Pathologies of the erythrocyte membrane. This disease sometimes appears already in the period of newborn. Over time, the spleen and liver increase, and later anemia develops.
  • Deficiency of erythrocyte enzymes. In this case, jaundice occurs on the second day of life. One of the signs is darkening of urine.
  • Defect in the synthesis and structure of hemoglobin and heme. Appears on 4-6 months of life of the baby.

Acquired pathological neonatal jaundice can be of three types:

  • Hemolytic disease of the newborn, which is the result of the immunological conflict of fetal blood with the mother's blood;
  • Hemorrhage into the internal organs, or cephalohematoma, with the resorption of which enters the blood products of decomposition of hemoglobin;
  • A number of other reasons, such as an increase in the red blood cell content in the child's blood, a syndrome that develops when a child enters the digestive tract during delivery, the presence of a mother's disease of an immunopathological nature, drug hemolysis,

Treatment

As with physiological jaundice, babies are recommended to breastfeed more often and take out to fresh air. In addition, if a child has neonatal jaundice, then the phototherapy method is applied. It consists in irradiating the crumb with a photolamp. Under its rays, the organism accelerates the decomposition of bilirubin, and then it is excreted from the body with urine and feces.

The procedure is as follows:

  • The child is undressed completely (if it is a boy, a bandage is applied to the genitals) and placed in a special box for newborns;
  • The eyes are closed with a light-tight mask on the elastic band;
  • Irradiation is carried out for at least 2-3 hours, interrupted for feeding;
  • From time to time the child is turned over so that the photons have access to all areas of the skin.

In particularly serious cases, when the level of bilirubin is critically high, the session is carried out continuously. At the same time, blood is taken every hour for analysis. The procedure is terminated only when studies show a satisfactory result for bilirubin.

Contraindication to the continuation of phototherapy is the redness of the skin. However, such phenomena are extremely rare.

OZPK

Treatment of neonatal jaundice in serious cases can be performed by the operation of a replacement blood transfusion. Indications for the application of this method are:

  • Unsatisfactory results of laboratory studies of the level of bilirubin in the umbilical cord blood at the time of birth and its constant increase, even against phototherapy, etc .;
  • Proven sensitization in the mother and signs of severe hemolytic disease of the newborn in her child;
  • The appearance of symptoms of bilirubin intoxication.

Components of blood for transfusion physicians are selected strictly individually for a particular baby and taking into account the type of incompatibility of blood of mother and child. In addition, OZPK performed only after a successful test for compatibility by means of a catheter mounted in the umbilical vein. At the same time, you should know that even with the right material for the operation and strict adherence to sterility, various complications are possible. For example, there may be air embolism, cardiac dysfunction, infection, thrombosis, anaphylactic shock, etc. As a rule, they manifest themselves within the first 3 hours after OZPK, so all this time the medical staff should strictly monitor the baby's condition.

Other methods

Treatment can also be done using medication and infusion therapy. In the first case, "Zixorin", agar-agar, "Carbolen" and "Cholestyramine" are prescribed, which help to release the intestines from bilirubin. Choleretic preparations are also prescribed. As for the infusion therapy, it is performed with solutions of sodium chloride and glucose, and with a reduced level of protein, an albumin solution is used.

Prevention

Neonatal jaundice, the causes of which are described above, most likely will not arise or its symptoms will disappear faster if the following measures are taken.

  • Immediately after birth, crumbs attach to the mother's breast;
  • Undress the baby and leave lying on the diaper naked until half an hour;
  • Breastfeed on demand;
  • From the first days walking with a child in the fresh air;
  • Feed the baby from each breast for at least 7-10 minutes;
  • If the baby refuses to suck, then the mother's milk should be decanted and given to him with a spoon.

Now you know what neonatal jaundice is. Symptoms of various forms of this disease are described above, therefore, having noticed their signs, you can immediately show a crumb to the doctor and not to lose valuable time.

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