Myasishchev aircraft: aircraft design projects

The name of the outstanding Soviet aircraft designer Vladimir Mikhailovich Myasishchev was widely known in the mid-sixties of the last century. It was during this period that his planes were first shown to the public.

VM Myasishchev passed all the stages of the aircraft design. His work biography, he began a simple draftsman, completing her chief designer.

Myasishchev's planes (photos of them can be seen in this article) were extremely necessary for the USSR.

This was due to the emergence of nuclear weapons. By dropping nuclear bombs on Japan, the US informed the world about the beginning of a new nuclear era, having established its superiority. However, after the appearance of nuclear weapons in the USSR, an important question arose before the country's leadership about the possibility of delivering atomic bombs to the territory of a probable enemy. Myasishchev's plane, developed in the USSR, helped to cope with this problem.

The first meeting with aviation

Myasishchev Vladimir Mikhailovich was born on September 28, 1902 in the town of Efremov, located in the Tula province. As a child, he was an ordinary child, not showing any interest in technology. At age 11, Vladimir entered the local real school, where he studied the program with a mathematical bias.

During the Civil War, a detachment of military pilots headed for the Southern Front stopped in Ephraim. Vladimir, who had seen planes before only in magazine pictures, was able to thoroughly examine the "steel birds" personally and even had the opportunity to touch them. Later this event Myasishchev described in his memoirs. He pointed out that the meeting with the aircraft had made such an indelible impression on him that he predetermined all his future destiny.

Student years

Московского Высшего Технического училища . In 1920, Vladimir Myasishchev came to Moscow, enrolling in the mechanical department of the Moscow Higher Technical School . He combined his studies with the work of a draftsman at the Scientific Airfield Experimental Aerodrome. Here he first tried himself and as a designer. The experience of designing aircraft, obtained at this place of work, was useful to Vladimir in his future professional work.

Myasishchev's thesis project concerned the topic of all-metal fighters. This was what he did not do at all in his design activities. In those years in the USSR there was only one all-metal aircraft ANT-3, which was the brainchild of AN Tupolev. This confirms the novelty and complexity of the topic chosen by Myasischev. However, despite this, Vladimir Mikhailovich defended his diploma successfully.

Start of work

After graduation, Myasishchev became an employee of the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute. His direct leader in TsAGI was Vladimir Petlyakov, who headed the wing department. принимал самое активное участие во многих работах. Here Vladimir Mikhailovich took an active part in many works. ТБ 1 и ТБ 3 , а также проектировал для этих самолетов бомбовые отсеки. He developed the wings for the bombers of the models TB 1 and TB 3 , and also designed the bomb compartments for these aircraft. And already during this period Myasishchev was able to prove himself as a very talented designer, combining the duties assigned to him with scientific research.

New offer

The work of the young designer interested in AN Tupolev. The well-known aircraft designer invited the hard-working and talented Myasischev leadership of the experimental aircraft department. , Владимир Михайлович получил задание спроектировать торпедоносец. Being in this position , Vladimir Mikhailovich received the task of designing a torpedo carrier. This was the first plane Myasishchev. Torpedo bomber, who had some original design decisions, successfully passed the test. However, when one of the flights was carried out, the aircraft crashed. On this the existence of this torpedo was completed.

Borrowing Experience

века советские конструкторы не могли предложить стране надежные самолеты. In the 30s of the 20th century, Soviet designers could not offer reliable aircraft to the country. самолет DC 3 в Америке. Then the government of the USSR decided to buy the advanced passenger aircraft DC 3 in America. Its design could be used in two directions - passenger and transport. VM Myasishchev was a member of the commission that received the aircraft, and then he was instructed to study the drawings of the aircraft and the transfer of inch measures into metric ones. However, this case was never brought to an end.

Years of imprisonment

тюрьмой. In 1938 Myasishchev was arrested and placed in a closed design bureau, which was a prison. этого места – ЦКБ 29 НКВД . The official name of this place is TsKB 29 NKVD . In this office, the arrested aviation designers worked on the creation of aircraft. Myasishchev worked here under the direct supervision of Petlyakov. Before them was the task - to design a fighter.

In these difficult prison conditions, a second Myasishchev plane was built - a high-altitude long-range bomber. This project was noticed by the government, which allowed Vladimir Mikhailovich to head his own design bureau. And already in 1938 the world saw a new working project. It was Myasishchev's plane-a long-range high-altitude bomber DVB-102. New in this aircraft were several areas:

- Sealed cabin, which housed 4 pilots;

- large six-meter bomb compartment;

- guns, whose control could be remotely controlled.

In 1940, from the Central Design Bureau of the NKVD, Myasishchev was transferred to Omsk, without the right to leave. In this city the aircraft designer continued the design of DBW-102. The first car of this model was built already in 1941, showing a good speed and height during testing. Less was expected only the range of the bomber's flight, because of what was not carried out its serial production. However, the government noted the work of the designer, having handed him the state prize.

After the death of VM Petlyakov in the plane crash, Myasishchev continued the business he started to create a dive bomber. During the war at the Kazan plant, where the designer was working with part of the KB created by him, about ten modifications of this aircraft were produced.

Postwar years

Despite the fact that for his fruitful work Myasishchev was awarded the Order of Suvorov and had the rank of Major-General, his design bureau in 1946 disbanded. Vladimir Mikhailovich began to work as the dean, having headed the aircraft building faculty of the Moscow Aviation Institute. курс «Конструкция и проектирование самолетов ». Here, he read for students the course "Design and design of aircraft ."

Years of work in MAI Myasishchev devoted training of young engineers. Here he continued to design aircraft. His plans included the design of a long-range strategic jet bomber. To his work, he attracted students, offering them the necessary topics of coursework, as well as diploma papers. The resulting project was approved by the Ministry of Aviation Industry. Myasishchev was offered to again become head of his own design bureau.

Creation of strategic bombers

The new Myasishchev Design Bureau began its existence in 1951. Vladimir Mikhailovich immediately recovered all the designers he had worked with in previous years. The Aircraft Plant No. 22 was subordinated to the Design Bureau. The shops of this production were in Fili.

Myasishchev Design Bureau aircraft were developed using fundamentally new ideas. They concerned aerodynamics and the layout of aircraft. So, in these aircraft provided "bicycle" chassis. They were two main pillars on the fuselage and two small racks on the ends of the wings. In less than a year of KB existence about 55,000 drawings were sent to the plant.

Test of a strategic bomber

It is worth mentioning that the designation that all Myasishchev planes created after the war was "M". And the first of them was manufactured in 1952. In October, he passed his first ground tests at the airfield named after. Zhukovsky. The only major drawback of the aircraft, which was created in record time (just 22 months), was a significant fuel consumption. However, the point was in his engine, which was designed by AA Mikulin Design Bureau.

The first strategic jet bomber for the first time in the USSR took off to the sky on 20.01.1953, having easily come off the runway. These planes Myasishchev OKB were named M 4. Pilots flying on them, noted the ease of piloting, and aircraft - ease of use.

Perfection of the model

Despite the good reviews, VM Myasishchev did not stop there. He continued to improve M 4. In just two months, the engineers of his design bureau developed and handed over to the plant more than seven thousand drawings that made it possible to assemble a new modification of the bomber. This was the plane Myasishcheva M 3. Tests of the new bomber took place in the spring of 1956 at the airfield in Zhukovsky. But already in the air there was a problem with the control, and one of the engines refused. However, test pilot ML Halley managed to land a plane M 3 Myasischev on the runway. On the ground, all the problems were quickly found and eliminated.

After that, the plane M3 Myasischev (photo below) was transferred to mass production. This aircraft had improved aerodynamics and was the main bomber in the USSR.

Aircraft M 4 underwent changes in the design and began to serve as air tankers for all long-haul aircraft.

Simultaneously with the work on the modification and improvement of the already created bombers, projects were developed relating to the development of strategic aviation. It was a model of the plane 31 Myasishchev, as well as 32 and 34.

Modifications 31 and 31 were bombers with a transonic flight speed. Model 32 was supersonic. The M 34 had the highest flight characteristics. Its maximum possible speed of flight is 1350 kilometers per hour.

All the studies carried out on these projects became the basis for the outstanding work of Myasishchev Design Bureau for the development of the Buran-40 supersonic missile.

Passenger transport

Simultaneously with the creation of military bombers, KB VM. Myasishchev was engaged in the development of peaceful aircraft. Unfortunately, the projects of passenger planes of this design bureau have not received further development.

Aircraft M 50

Further, the government of the USSR entrusted Vladimir Mikhailovich with a new job. It was a plane M 50 Myasischev, which became a supersonic strategic bomber. Prior to this period in the world aviation, nothing like this was even planned.

The M 50 aircraft possessed a large degree of automation of control, which allowed to reduce the number of crew to two people. And in all other respects, the bomber turned out to be very successful. The only weak place was the engine. At that time in the USSR this important detail of aircraft did not possess sufficient power, reliability and long life. In addition, all the engines produced in the country spent too much fuel. I could not find a suitable unit and the aircraft designer Myasishchev, and his M 50s were never able to reach supersonic speed. This was the main reason why Vladimir Mikhailovich's advanced project was closed down. The M 50 was used for experimental purposes. It experienced all sorts of innovations. The last time the M 50 took off in the air at the military parade in Tushino. Immediately after this flight, he was transferred to the Monino Museum.

Another outstanding project of Myasishchev Design Bureau was the supersonic bomber M 52. However, as in the previous case, this aircraft did not have the necessary engine for its characteristics. In the sky, this bomber never got up.

Pilot Plant Management

In 1967, Vladimir Mikhailovich was waiting for a new appointment. He was appointed head of the experimental machine-building plant, whose production facilities were located in the city of Zhukovsky. There worked a small design bureau, for which Myasishchev reassembled the design team. этого Владимир Михайлович взялся за разработку стратегического сверхзвукового многорежимного бомбардировщика. Only after that, Vladimir Mikhailovich took up the development of a strategic supersonic multi-mode bomber. In parallel with his design bureau, a similar task was performed by the collectives PO. Sukhoi and AN Tupolev.

Myasishchev proposed a radically new wing design with a variable sweep. Previously, such a design solution was available in PO Sukhov's aircraft and in American models. However, all the previous variants had a very short deflected part of the wing. The project of VM Myasishchev was superior to all others. This design decision was used by AN Tupolev. After all, it was very successful that what Myasishchev designed. самолета Владимира Михайловича . The Tu-160 was ultimately built on the basis of Vladimir Mikhailovich's aircraft .

BEMZ under the direction of Myasishchev designed and then built an aircraft to destroy balloons in the stratosphere. , способный развивать скорость до семисот километров в час , поднимаясь на высоту до двадцати двух тысяч метров. It was an M 17 , capable of speeding up to seven hundred kilometers per hour , climbing to a height of twenty-two thousand meters.

An invaluable contribution to the development of aviation

Vladimir Mikhaylovich Myasishchev went to the intended goal only in unproceded ways. A man who possesses irrepressible engineering courage and the gift of technical foresight, had remarkable organizational abilities, capturing all the KB staff with his unusual decisions.

The answer to the question about how to measure the contribution of this designer to the history of aviation can be obtained after watching the film "Myasishchev, several airplanes and all life" (2010).

Each of the works of Vladimir Mikhailovich was a real breakthrough in the future. And, in spite of the fact that only a few were brought to completion from the large number of projects, each Myasishchev plane entered the history of our aviation.

Vladimir Mikhailovich died on 14.10.1978, almost a month after his seventy-six years. More than half a century Myasishchev gave aircraft. During these years, many worthy disciples were raised to him. Most of them continue to work in aviation today.

The creative path of Vladimir Mikhailovich is a vivid example for novice designers, and his approach to leadership can serve as a model for those who currently head research and development and experimental organizations.