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History of development of aeronautics. Brothers Montgolfier

The history of aeronautics development seemed to be completed. Today in our lives there are helicopters, planes and many other strange vehicles. However, in the hearts of people forever remained the magic and romance, which are associated with such an interesting activity as flying in a balloon. And today people travel on it. Many would be curious to know how it all began. The history of aeronautics development will be briefly considered in this article.

Bartolommeo Lorenzo

Bartolommeo Lorenzo, a Brazilian, belongs to the pioneers, whose names have not been forgotten by history. However, their major scientific achievements over the centuries were questioned or remained unknown.

Bartolommeo Lorenzo is the real name of the person who went down in the history of aeronautics, like Lorenzo Gusmao, a Portuguese priest, the creator of the project called Passaroles, until recently perceived as a fantasy. In 1971, after much searching, it was possible to find documents explaining the events of this distant past.

They began in 1708, when, having moved to Portugal, Gusmao entered Coimbra at the university and was struck by the idea of making an aircraft flying on which the history of aeronautics would open. Physics and mathematics, in which Lorenzo showed great ability, helped him in this. He began the implementation of his project with an experiment. Gusmao designed several models that became prototypes of his future ship.

The first demonstrations of the vessel Gusmao

In 1709, in August, these models were shown to the royal nobility. One balloon flight was successful: a thin shell with a small brazier suspended under it, almost 4 meters away from the ground. Gusmao in the same year began the implementation of his project "Passaroles." Unfortunately, his test of information has not been preserved. However, in any case, Gusmao was the first who, based on the study of natural phenomena, was able to find a real way to climb up, and also attempted to implement it in practice. Thus the history of the development of aeronautics began.

Josef Montgolfier

From Joseph, his elder brother, Etienne Montgolfier, who owned a paper mill in a small French town, received in 1782 a note in which his brother suggested him to cook more ropes and silk cloth in order to see one of the most amazing things in the world. This note meant that Joseph finally found what the brothers had repeatedly said at the meetings: the way by which one could get up in the air.

The shell, filled with smoke, was this tool. J. Montgolfier, as a result of one simple experiment, noticed that the fabric made of two pieces of fabric, a cloth box in the shape of a box, rushed up after it was filled with smoke. The discovery was carried away not only by the author himself, but also by his brother. Working together, the researchers created two more aerostatic machines (they called their balloons this way). In the circle of friends and relatives, one of them was demonstrated. It was made in the form of a ball, the diameter of which was 3.5 meters.

First successes of Montgolfier

The success of the experiment was complete: about 10 minutes in the air the shell survived, while climbing to a height of about 300 meters and about a kilometer flying through the air. Brothers, inspired by success, decided to show their invention to the general public. They built a giant balloon, whose diameter was more than 10 meters. The shell sewn from the canvas was reinforced with a rope mesh, and also covered with paper in order to increase the impermeability.

In 1783, on June 5, his demonstration took place in the marketplace in the presence of many spectators. The balloon filled with smoke rose. All details of the experience were witnessed by a special protocol, which was sealed with the signatures of various officials. So for the first time the invention was officially certified, which opened the way for aeronautics.

Professor Charles

In Paris, a great interest was caused by the flight of the Montgolfier brothers in a balloon. They were invited to repeat their experience in the capital. At the same time, Jacques Charles, the French physicist, was ordered to demonstrate the aircraft he had created. Charles assured me that the smoky air, the Montgolfier gas, as it was then called, is not the best means to create an aerostatic lift.

Jacques was well acquainted with the latest achievements in chemistry and believed that it is much better to use hydrogen, because it is lighter than air. However, having chosen this gas to fill up his apparatus, the professor faced a number of technical difficulties. First of all, it was necessary to decide what to do with a light shell capable of holding the volatile gas for a long time.

The first flight of the balloon

Brothers Robey, mechanics, helped him to cope with this task. They made a material with the right qualities. For this, the brothers used a lightweight silk fabric that was covered with a solution of rubber in turpentine. In 1783, August 27, in Paris on the Champs de Mars rose up the aircraft of Charles. He rushed to the height of about 300 thousand spectators and became soon invisible. When one person who was present there asked what was the point in all this, Benjamin Franklin, a well-known American statesman and scientist, also observing the flight, replied: "What's the point in the birth of a newborn?" This remark was prophetic. "Newborn" was born, and he was destined for a great future.

First passengers

The brothers Montgolfier, however, Charles's success did not stop in his intention to demonstrate his own invention in Paris. Etienne, trying to make the most impression, used his talent as an excellent architect. The balloon he built was in a sense a work of art. Barrel-like shape had its shell, the height of which was more than 20 meters. It was decorated on the outside with colorful ornaments and monograms.

The balloon, demonstrated by the Academy of Sciences, aroused admiration among its representatives. It was decided in the presence of the royal court to repeat this show. A demonstration took place in Paris, in Versailles, in 1783, on September 19. True, the balloon that attracted admiration from academicians did not live to see this day: the shell washed away with rain, as a result of which it fell into disrepair. But the brothers Montgolfier did not stop this. Working hard, they built a new ball by the scheduled time. He was not inferior in beauty to the previous one.

In order to produce the maximum effect, the brothers attached a cage to it, into which they planted a rooster, a duck and a ram. These were the first aeronauts in history. The balloon rushed up and, having made a way in 4 km, after 8 minutes safely sank to the ground. The heroes of the day were the brothers Montgolfier. They were awarded various awards, and all the balloons, which used to create a lifting force of smoky air, from that day began to be called the hot air balloons.

Man's flight to the hot air balloon

With each flight, the Montgolfier brothers approached the cherished goal they pursued-the flight of man. The new ball, built by them, was larger. Its height was 22.7 meters, and its diameter was 15 meters. The annular gallery was attached to the lower part of it. It was meant for two people. The creation of this design continued the history of aeronautics. Physics, on whose achievements it was based, at that time allowed only very simple aircraft to be designed. The fireplace for burning straw was suspended in the middle of the gallery. He radiated heat, being in the shell under the hole. This heat warmed the air, which made it possible to make the flight longer. He even became somewhat manageable.

In the history of flights, you can find a variety of interesting facts. Aeronautics is an occupation that in the 18th century brought great fame and fame. The creators of the aircraft did not want to share it with others. However, Louis XVI, the King of France, banned the personal participation of the authors of the project in flight. In his opinion, this risky for life task had to be entrusted to two criminals who were sentenced to death. However, this caused protests by Pilatre de Rozier, one of the active participants in the construction of a hot air balloon.

This man could not be reconciled with the fact that the names of criminals will go down in the history of aeronautics. He insisted on participating in the flight personally. Permission was finally obtained. Another "pilot" went on a balloon trip. They became the Marquis d'Arland, a fan of aeronautics. And in 1783, on November 21, they broke away from the ground and made the first flight in history. 25 minutes in the air the Mongolian balloon held, about 9 km flying during this time.

The flight of a man on a cartoon

In order to prove that the balleries (balloons with shells that were filled with hydrogen) belong to the future of aeronautics, Professor Charles decided to carry out a flight that was supposed to be more spectacular than that arranged by the Montgolfier brothers. Creating his new balloon, he developed a number of design solutions, for centuries used in the future.

Charler, built by him, had a grid that covered the upper hemisphere of the balloon, as well as the lines on which the gondola hung suspended to this grid. There were people in the gondola. A special vent was made in a shell for the escape of hydrogen. The valve in the shell, as well as the ballast stored in the gondola, were used to change the flight altitude. There was also an anchor to make it easier to land.

Charler, whose diameter was more than 9 meters, December 1, 1783 in the park the Tuileries took the start. Professor Charles went to him, as well as Robert, one of the brothers who took an active part in the construction of the arenas. They sank safely near the village, flying about 40 kilometers. Then Charles continued his journey alone.

Charlesier flew 5 km, while climbing to an incredible height for the time - 2750 meters. About half an hour in this exorbitant height, the researcher landed safely, thus completing the first flight in the history of aeronautics on a balloon with a hydrogen-filled shell.

A balloon flying over the English Channel

The life of Jean Pierre Blanchard, the French mechanic who made the first flight on the balloon through LaManche, is notable for the fact that it was an illustration of the turning point that took place at the end of the 18th century in the development of aeronautics. Blanchard started with the idea of waving the flight.

He built in 1781 an apparatus whose wings were propelled by the effort of feet and hands. Testing it suspended on a rope thrown over the block, the inventor rose to the height of a multi-storey building, with a counterweight of about 10 kg. Pleased with the first successes, he published in the newspaper his thoughts about the possibility of waving flight for a man.

The air travels on the first balloons, as well as the search for flight controls, again brought Blanchard back to the idea of the wings that had already been used to control the balloon. Although the first experiment was unsuccessful, the researcher of his attempts did not leave and was carried away more and more by the ascent to the heavenly space.

In 1784, in the autumn, his flights began in England. The researcher had an idea to fly across the Channel on a balloon, thereby proving the possibility of air communication between France and England. In 1785, on January 7, this historical flight took place, in which the inventor himself participated, as well as Dr. Geoffrey, his American friend.

The Age of Aeronautics

The history of the development of aeronautics was short-lived. From the beginning of the century, airships and balloons to its full completion, it would seem, passed a little more than 150 years. The first free balloon was raised in the air by the Montgolfier brothers in 1783, and in 1937 the LZ-129 Gindenburg burned down, an airship built in Germany. This happened in the USA, in Lakehurst, on the mooring mast. On board there were 97 people. Of these, 35 were killed. This catastrophe so shocked the world public that the great powers were bent on stopping the construction of large airships. Thus ended the era in aeronautics, in which the last 40 years there was a development of rigid airships, called Zeppelins (one of their main creators was Ferdinand von Zeppelin, the German general).

The balloon, designed by the Montgolfier brothers, was unmanageable. Only in 1852 Henri Giffar, the French designer, created a controlled balloon.

Engineers have long tried to solve the problem of aircraft rigidity. David Schwartz, the Austrian designer, came up with the idea of making their body metallic. In Berlin in 1897, the Schwarz balloon flew up. Its body was made of aluminum. However, due to engine malfunctions, an emergency landing was made.

Count Zeppelin

Count von Zeppelin, acquainted with the work of David, saw their prospects. He came up with a frame made of light box-case farms that were riveted from aluminum strips. The holes in them were stamped. A frame was made of ring frames. They were connected by stringer.

A chamber with hydrogen was placed between each pair of frames (total 1217 pieces). Therefore, if several inner cylinders were damaged, volatility was maintained by the rest. In the summer of 1990, a cigar-shaped eight-ton giant Zeppelin (an airship with a diameter of 12 meters and a length of 128 meters) made a successful 18-minute flight, turning its creator, who was then almost a city madman, into a national hero.

Recently, the country that lost the war with the French took it to the heart of the general's idea of this miracle weapon. Zeppelin - an airship, which became actively used in military operations. The general for the First World War constructed several machines, the length of which was 148 m. They could reach speeds of up to 80 km / h. The airships that Count Zeppelin designed, went to war.

The 20th century later democratized flights. Modern aeronautics has become a fascination for many people. Solomon Auguste André in 1897, in July, made the first ever flight to the Arctic in a hot air balloon. In 1997, in honor of the centenary of this event at the North Pole, aeronauts celebrated a balloon holiday. Since then, the most courageous teams come here every year to climb to the sky. The feast of aeronautics is a fascinating sight, many people come to admire it.

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