Education, History
Henry 3 - King of England, expelled and returned
The reign of Henry 3 in England was on very difficult years. In fact, in a disastrous state, he accepted the country in 1216 as a nine-year-old child. After a series of both military defeats and diplomatic failures made by his father John Plantagenet, monarchical power in England was significantly weakened. The Magna Carta, a document subsequently considered progressive, severely undermined the centralized power of the monarch. Nevertheless, Henry 3, King of England, ruled the country for as long as 56 years - until his death in 1272.
Mother Henry 3, who was 22 years younger than her husband, lived until 1246 and played a significant role in the fate of her crowned first-born.
The beginning of government
Governance of the country due to the early childhood of Henry 3 was carried out by the regency council headed by the well-known in England William Marshall Count Pembroke.
The greatest danger young Henry 3, King of England, could expect from the east of his kingdom, which was controlled by barons, dissatisfied with the rights that the Magna Carta guaranteed them.
In 1217, a battle took place in which Count Pembroke defeated the army, exposed by the rebellious barons. The count's regency ended with his death in 1234.
The next head of the council was Baron Hubert de Burg. It is difficult to overestimate the contribution of this man to the preservation of the unity of England.
At that time, some of the nobility and almost the whole of Scotland recognized the English King Louis of France. The defense of the Dover castle, led by Hubert de Burgh, actually stopped the invasion of Louis's troops on the island.
Finally, in 1227, when he reached adulthood, Henry 3, King of England, began to rule on his own behalf, on his own behalf.
Exile and Return
It is known that in the reign of Henry 3, the requisitions from the nobility greatly increased. Dissatisfied barons took up arms against their monarch. Under their pressure in 1258 in Oxford, the king was forced to sign the so-called Oxford Provisions limiting his power in the presence of 24 delegated barons. But already in 1261 Henry was released by the Holy Father from his obligations under this document (an analogy with the "conditions", signed under the influence of the members of the Privy Council, Anna Ivanovna, the empress of the Russian, and then solemnly broken) suggests itself.
Henry's refusal of the Provisions led in 1263 to an uprising led by the son-in-law of the king, Count Simon de Montfort. And in 1264, Henry 3, King of England, was captured by the rebels.
The fate of the Plantagenet dynasty was resolved during the Battle of Ishmae in 1265, where the supporters of the king gained the upper hand, Simon de Montfort died (he was posthumously deprived of nobility, respectively, without leaving the titled heirs), and the king's power was restored.
Government
All the actions of Henry 3 were dictated by the situation that was formed in the country during the reign of his father. For almost the entire period of the reign, Henry was completely absorbed in the solution of questions of power, quarrels with the barons. He paid very little attention to the internal structure of his state. Reforms of Henry 3 mainly concerned the church. It is believed that he was a very devout person. Some contemporaries testified that he sincerely cried during prayer.
King Henry the Confessor was very revered by King Henry III. Throughout England, many temples were built in his honor.
The reign of Henry 3 is associated with the flowering of the church. Servants of the cult received more rights and privileges. The state treasury paid for the construction of temples. The cathedrals themselves began to be built on a different technology, they became more airy and openwork.
In England, there were two new religious orders - these are the famous Franciscans and Dominicans. On the basis of the Dominican order in Europe, the Inquisition, known for its famous witch-hunt, will arise later, as a result of which hundreds of thousands of human lives will be cut off.
last years of life
The reign of Henry after the restoration of his monarchic power was not overshadowed by any serious threats and troubles. The country was no longer torn apart by uprisings and strife. The king himself considered his consecration to be the consecration of the Westminster Abbey built in his reign , where the remains of his idol Edward the Confessor were transferred.
And in the tomb, arranged for the saint, for some time there were the remains of Henry himself, 3 who died in 1272, as his place of repose at that time was still not ready.
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