Genres of folklore: examples in the literature

Folklore (in translation from English "folklore" means "folk wisdom") is a folk art that embraces all cultural layers of society. The life of people, their views, ideals, moral principles - all this is reflected both in artistic folklore (dance, music, literature) and in material (clothing, kitchen utensils, dwelling).

Back in 1935, the great Russian writer Maxim Gorky, speaking at the First Congress of Writers of the USSR, accurately described folklore and its significance in public life: "... the most profound artistic images of heroes exist in folklore, oral creativity of the people." Svyatogor and Mikula Selyaninovich, Vasilisa The wise, ironic Ivanushka the fool, who never gives up, Petrushka, always defeats all, these images are created by folklore and they are an inseparable part of the life and culture of our society. "

Folklore ("people's knowledge") is a separate scientific discipline, on which researches are conducted, abstracts are created, theses are written. In Russian literature of the 19th century, the terms "folk poetry" and "folk literature" were widely used.

Oral folk art, genres of folklore

Songs, fairy tales, legends, epics - this is not a complete list. Oral folk art is an extensive layer of Russian culture that has been formed over the centuries. Genres of folklore are divided into two main directions - non-nominal and ritual.

The category of ritual folklore includes the following types:

• Calendar - songs Maslenichnye, Christmas carols, vesnyanki and other examples of folk song creativity.
• Family folklore - wedding songs, lamentations, lullabies, family stories.
• Occasional - spells, counters, conspiracies, zalichki.

Folklore of the uncultivated includes four groups:

1. Folk drama - religious, vertepnaya, theater of Petrushka.

2. Folk poetry - ballads, bylinas, spiritual verses, lyric songs, ditties, children's songs-poems.

3. Folklore prose is divided into fabulous and unsophisticated. The first includes tales about animals, everyday, magical, fairy-tale chains (for example, the story of Kolobok). Non-prose prose are stories from life, telling about meetings of a person with images of Russian demonology - mermaids and water, sorcerers and witches, ghouls and ghouls. This subcategory also includes stories about the shrines and wonders of the Christian faith, the higher forces. Forms of unsavory prose:

• Legends;
• Mythological stories;
• Epics;
• Dream books;
• Traditions;

4. Folklore spoken verbal: tongue twisters, good wishes, nicknames, proverbs, curses, riddles, teasers, sayings.

Genres of folklore, examples of which are given here, are considered basic.

Folklore genres in literature

These poems and prose are epic, fairy tales, legends. A lot of literary forms refer to folklore, which reflects three main directions: dramatic, lyrical and epic. Certainly, the genres of folklore in literature are not exhausted, there are many more, but the listed categories are a kind of empiricism, developed over the years.

Dramatic images

Folk dramas in the form of fairy-tale stories with unfavorable development of events and a happy ending belong to the dramatic folklore art. Dramatic can be any legend, in which there is a struggle between good and evil. Characters win each other with varying success, but in the end good triumphs.

Genres of folklore in literature. Epic component

Russian folklore (epic) is based on historical song songs with an extensive theme, when the guslars can tell stories about life in Russia for hours under quiet stringing. This is a true folklore art, passed down from generation to generation. In addition to literary folklore with musical accompaniment, there is a folkloric folk art, legends and bylinas, legends and tales.

Epic art is usually closely intertwined with the dramatic genre, since all the adventures of the epic heroes of the Russian land are somehow connected with battles and exploits for the glory of justice. The main representatives of epic folklore are the Russian heroes, among whom Ilya Muromets and Dobrynya Nikitich stand out, as well as the unruffled Alyosha Popovich.

Genres of folklore, examples of which can be brought to infinity, are based on heroes fighting with monsters. Sometimes an inanimate object, possessing a fabulous power, helps the hero. It can be a sword-kladenets, in one fell swoop, slashing the dragon's head.

Epic tales tell about colorful characters - Babe-Yage, living in a hut on chicken legs, Vasilisa the Beautiful, Ivan Tsarevich, who is nowhere without the Gray Wolf, and even about Ivan the Fool - a happy fairy-tale character with an open Russian soul.

Lyrical Form

This folklore genre includes works of folk art mostly ritual: love songs, lullabies, gay chastushki and lamentations. Much depends on the intonation. Even sentences, incantations, bloat to charm a loved one, and they can sometimes be considered a folkloric lyrics.

Folklore and authorship

The works of the fairy-tale literary genre (author's) can often not be formally regarded as folklore, as, for example, "The Tale of the Horse-Humpbacked Horse" by Ershov or Bazhov's Tales of the "Copper Mountain Mistress" by virtue of their belonging to a certain writer. Nevertheless, these stories have their own folklore source, they were told somewhere and by someone in one form or another, and then transferred by the writer to the book form.

Genres of folklore, examples of which are well-known, popular and recognizable, do not need clarification. The reader will easily understand which of the authors came up with his story, and who borrowed it from the past. It's another matter when genres of folklore, examples of which are heard by most readers, are disputed by someone. In this case, specialists should understand and draw competent conclusions.

Controversial art forms

There are examples where tales of modern authors are literally asked to folklore in their structure, but it is known that the plot does not have sources from the depth of folk art, but was invented by the author himself from beginning to end. For example, the work of Eduard Uspensky "Three in Prostokvashino." There is a folklore canvas - one postman Pechkin of what it costs. And the story itself is fabulous in fact. Nevertheless, if authorship is defined, then folklore can only be conditional. Although many authors believe that the differences are not at all necessary, art - it is art, regardless of form. What genres of folklore coincide with the literary canons can be determined on a number of grounds.

Difference of folklore works from literary

Literary works, such as a novel, story, story, essay, are distinguished by their dimensionality, unhurried narration. The reader gets the opportunity to analyze the read on the move, while delving into the idea of the plot. Folklore works are more impulsive, besides they contain only their inherent elements, such as, a saying, a start, a talk or a song. Often the narrator slows down the action for greater effect, applies the duality or the triplicity of the narrative. In folklore, an open tautology is widely used, sometimes even accented. In the course of parallelism and exaggeration. All these techniques are organic for folklore works, although they are completely inadmissible in ordinary literature.

Different peoples, incompatible in their mentality, often combine factors of a folklore nature. Folk art contains universal motifs, like, for example, a common desire for all to gather a good harvest. Both the Chinese and the Portuguese think about this, although they live on different ends of the continent. The population of many countries unites the desire for peaceful existence. Since people are everywhere the same in nature, then their folklore is not much different, unless you have external signs in mind.

The geographical proximity of different nationalities promotes rapprochement, and this process also begins with folklore. First of all, cultural ties are established, and only after the spiritual unification of the two peoples politicians come out on the foreground.

Small genres of Russian folklore

Small folklore works are usually intended for children. The child does not perceive a long story or a fairy tale, but he listens with pleasure to the story of the Seryozhny top, which can grab a barrel. In the process of educating children, there appeared small genres of Russian folklore. Each work of this form contains a special semantic kernel, which in the course of the narrative turns into either morality or a little moral teaching.

However, most small forms of the folklore genre are useful for the development of the child of speech, songs, and jokes. There are 5 genres of folklore, which are successfully used in the education of children:

• A lullaby is the oldest way to lull a child. Usually a melodic melody is accompanied by a rocking cradle or crib, so it's important to find a rhythm when singing.
• Pestushki - simple rhymes, melodic wishes, affectionate farewells, soothing lamentations for a newly awakened child.
• Sweets are recitative songs accompanying the game with the baby's handles and legs. Promote the development of the child, encourage him to act in an unobtrusive game form.
• Pribautki - short stories, often in verse, funny and sonorous, which the mother tells her children every day. Growing babies need to tell jokes in accordance with their age, so that children understand each word.
• Counters are small rhymes, well developing the child's arithmetic abilities. They are an obligatory part of collective children's games, when it is necessary to draw lots.