Examples of folklore. Examples of small genres of folklore, works of folklore

Folklore as an oral folk art represents the collective artistic thinking of the people, which reflects its basic idealistic and vital realities, religious worldviews. Such creativity is created by a whole people and is reflected in poetry, folk theater, architecture, dance, as well as in decorative, applied and artistic creativity.

Examples of folklore reveal themselves in many areas of modern human life, from the singing of lullabies to the creation of collections of clothing.

Examples of folklore in oral speech are for the most part chastooshkas, proverbs, sayings, in short, speech circulations used by people in everyday life daily.

The main Russian folklore genres

Folklore is divided into three types, each of which is systematized according to its subjective and objective orientation, as well as ways of artistic expression.

The first folklore type is an epic, representing works reflecting the objective assessments of the surrounding world, exposed in a narrative form. Poetic examples of folklore of this kind - various epics, ballads, historical songs and spiritual verses.

The prosaic epic is divided into fairytale and unsophisticated prose, the first include tales of animals and magic, anecdotes; To the second - bylichki, legends and legends.

The second type is a lyric that reflects the subjective experiences and inner world of a person. These are works of folklore, examples of which are revealed in lamentations, chastushki and songs. All these works can be divided into ritual and non-ordinary texts according to their purpose.

The third folklore type is dramaturgic works that convey the attitude to reality through playing actions. Examples can be theatrical performances, puppet theater, theater of pictures, ritual and dramatic games.

The fourth type is a folklore of speech situations - proverbs, proverbs, curses, good wishes, teasers, tongue twisters and riddles.

Russian ritual folklore

It is divided into calendar and family. The calendar type is a huge layer of traditional practical rituals and beliefs designed to help a person, ensure the survival of a clan and a village, increase yields in livestock and agriculture. Calendar folklore was formed and reproduced all year round. An example is Maslenitsa, following the rules of which took a week for a Russian person.

Examples of folklore oriented to a family ritual type are lamentations, conspiracy songs, fortune telling, as well as magical ritual actions aimed at attracting future spouses and love. Any action relating to weddings and weddings was also accompanied by a whole set of ritual folklore elements - rukoobem, collusion, matchmaking and other.

Features of folklore theater

Examples of Russian folklore can be cited in the theater. Researchers share dramatic folk art in its temporal evolutionary stages into pre-theatrical and theatrical.

Vivid examples of Russian folklore can be seen in calendar rituals and games, for example, in the processes of dressing, making dolls Carnival, Yarila, Kupala, and acting out with them. These elements of pre-theatrical activities are also present in family wedding rituals, for example, in the bride's ransom or acting out girlfriends of her role.

Theater forms of folk art developed in Russia only by the middle of the 17th century. This, in fact, dramatic theatrical creativity in its modern sense.

To a separate group of representatives of folk art, which is a part of pre-theatrical folklore, it is necessary to include buffoons - comedians, trainers, dancers and musicians.

Characteristics of folklore poetry

Poetic works of folklore, examples of which are numerous, are included in the Russian school curriculum in literature and native speech. Such folk works are epic, spiritual verses, historical songs, literary fables, ballads, ditties and children's poetic songs. All these examples of the folklore of oral folk art, handed down from generation to generation, form the basis of popular ideology and mythology. For example, in the epics describes the image of a national hero, in a historical song his strategic and tactical talents are revealed; Chastushki and children's songs form a sense of humor and situational resourcefulness; In fables in a playful and comic form ridiculed the negative qualities of the characters.

Fantastic folklore prose

This genre is a written and oral form of prose, separated from the myth and narrating about the fictional events that took place with real heroes. Folklore tales are available to all the peoples of the world. They represent several typical lines - tales about animals, objects and inanimate nature, about fooling evil spirits, about magic. This folklore genre also includes fables, anecdotes and cumulative chain fairy tales. It is worth saying that a fairy genre can both flow from the genre of mythological poetry, and transform into it back.

Examples of fairy folklore in oral speech are more variable than in written speech, due to the subjective perception of the narrator. These are variants of the cumulative chain fairy tale Kolobok and Repka, Fox and Crane, Cat, Rooster and Fox, Fox and the Wolf. Among the tales of impure force, one can recall "Geese-swans", "Koschey the Immortal".

Fairy tales, where the main character is a magician, with the participation of magic animals or objects, is, for example, "Finist Yasen Sokol", "Ivan Tsarevich and Gray Wolf", "By Pike's Wish". Plants and natural phenomena that have their own magic, are found in almost every fairy tale - talking apple trees, rivers and wind, trying to hide the main character from the chase, save from death.

Folklore prose is the key to Russian demonology

The second layer of folklore prose is unsavory. It is represented by stories or occasions from life, telling of a person's contacts with representatives of otherworldly powers - witches, devils, kikimors, spirits and so on.

It should be noted that all these creatures have come to the present with unconscious images from the depths of centuries and have a pre-Christian pagan origin.

The category of obscene prosaic folklore also includes stories about shrines, miracles and the saints who create them - here the theme of communication between higher forces and a man who came to the Christian faith is revealed.

The prosaic examples of folklore, referring to the unclarified layer, are quite diverse - these are legends, legends, and poems, and stories about sleep.

Modern Russian folklore

It consists of two layers, coexisting and periodically flowing into each other.

The first layer consists of folk traditions and beliefs, transferred to modern realities. They are actual to this day proverbs, religious and daily rites, signs. Examples of Russian folklore, characteristic of modern life, can be observed both in everyday life (placing a broom broom up to attract material goods), and on holidays. Ritual festive folkloric elements are including the Christmas carols performed on Christmas trees.

The second layer of modern urban folklore is much younger and represents a belief in technogenic scientific theories, designed according to human beliefs and fears.

Modern urban folklore

It acts as an egregor of collective images of the fears and beliefs of people living in cities, originating from the period of industrialization, when tough living conditions and technological progress were imposed on the ancient layer of old Russian beliefs.

Examples of folklore reflecting contemporary Russian realities, for the most part are oriented toward several types of human fears. Most often these are songs, rituals and gestures designed to invoke otherworldly forces ("The Queen of Spades" of gnomes, etc.): ghosts, spirits of various historical personalities, as well as for the appearance of Divine Providence and various essences.

Individual elements of folklore creativity are included in scientific-oriented theories of an industrial nature.

Examples of urban folklore, used in modern legends, flooded the Internet - these are stories about closed for visiting stations and subways, about abandoned bunkers and various unfinished stories with accompanying stories about mysterious rooms, apparatus and living things.

Literary folklore - from chronicles to modern times

Russian literature, rich in folklore elements, is divided into two layers: it came down to us from the period of 12-16 centuries, which is the support for the construction of any later symbolic images; Created from the 17th to 19th centuries, using these images in his stories. Accordingly, examples of folklore in the literature are found in works of both periods. Consider the most famous of them below.

Examples of folklore in the "Lay of Igor's Campaign" consist mainly of metaphorical comparisons of the main characters with pagan gods, for example, Boyan is called the grandson of Veles, the princes are called the grandchildren of Dazhbog, and the winds are Stribozhyim grandsons. Also fixed the author's appeal to the Great Horse.

In modern literature, folkloric elements are used by the protagonists in the process of their daily life.

Examples of folklore in the poem "To Whom in Russia Live Well" come from the field of small and lyrical folkloric families, including suggestions, chastushki, sayings ("praise the grass in a haystack and the master in a coffin"), appeal to folk signs (chapter "Peasant Woman" , Where fellow villagers Matryona see the reason for the crop failure in that she "... She wore a clean piece for Christmas ..."), as well as inserting into the text of folk Russian songs ("Barschinny", "Hungry") and the use of sacred digital symbols Seven peasants, seven owls).

Small folklore genres

They make out the type of small folklore works that come into life from birth. These are small genres of folklore, examples of which can be observed in the communication between the mother and the child. So, in pestles (tunes of poetic form), poteshki (singing-sayings with the use of gestures of the fingers of the handles and legs of the child), jokes, proclamations, counters, tongue twisters and riddles, the necessary rhythm of body movement is set and simple storylines are transmitted.

The first folklore genres in human life

Lullaby songs and pestles are of ancient origin. They are part of the so-called maternal poetry, which enters into the life of the child from the moment of its birth.

Pestles are rhythmic short sentences accompanying the activities of the mother and the newborn. In them, along with the content, the rhythm is important.

The lullaby song with its text and tunes is oriented to the child's attainment of a state of sleep and does not require the use of any musical instrument. In this genre there are always elements of the amulet protecting the newborn from hostile forces.

Small genres of folklore, examples of which are given above, are the oldest layer of folk art.