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Fortress Nienschanz. Swedish fortress Nyenskans and the city of Nyen (Nyen)

The implementation of the plans of the young Peter I would be impossible without a large open port that would allow Russia to have a sea link with European states. The textbook "History" (5th grade) tells about the conquest of Ingermanlandia, and in this article some facts about the taking of the Swedish fortification standing on the banks of the Okhta and the Neva are given. Present, Swedish, the name of the fort sounds like Nyenkas, but in Russian historiography the fort is known by the name of the fortress of Nienschanz.

Prerequisites of the fortress

Since the beginning of the fourteenth century and for almost three hundred years, the Kingdom of Sweden has been engaged in the development of the Baltic lands, which went to him according to the terms of the Walnut world. Prinevsky and Priladozhsky lands were not included in the circle of interests of this state. And only at the beginning of the XVII century it was decided to return the lost land. To begin with, the Swedish government has chosen a political solution to the problem. One of the sons of Charles IX was given the opportunity to occupy the Russian throne. But this prevented a protracted war with Denmark, which ended in 1613. By this time, the opportunity to become the king of Russia was missed - the young Michael Romanov ascended to the throne . But Sweden's plans to consolidate on the Neva banks were not forgotten, and Jacob de Lagardi, the commander-in-chief of the Swedish army, suggested the crown to build a fortress to protect the already conquered territories.

Building a fortress

The thought of the commander-in-chief was approved by the king and supported by the Swedish parliament - the rikstag. In 1611, a fortress was built, which later became known as Nienschanz, which is translated into Russian as a "Neva fortification".

Certainly, the important position that the fortress of Nienschanz occupied was understandable to the Swedish government. The entire XVII century was devoted to strengthening and modernizing the protective structures of this structure. In 1675, the plan for the conversion of the fort was approved by the Swedish king and began to be carried out. Each peasant of Karelia and Ingermanlandia was required to work for a month, modernizing the fortress of Nienschanz.

By the beginning of the new 18th century, the fortification had the appearance of a pentagon and was located on an artificial embankment shaft up to 19 m high. Two ravelines, five bastions and modern tools made the fort a serious defense construction.

The emergence of Nyen

Neva is a trade route known to the Vikings, so it is not surprising that the city of Nien appeared and began to develop rapidly near the fortress.

This city, according to the projects of Sweden, was conceived as the capital of all its eastern lands - Ingermanlandia. On the coat of arms of the city was depicted a lion with a sword, standing between the two rivers, which was explained by the military presence of Swedes in the mouths of the Neva and Okhta.

A convenient location attracted craftspeople and traders from all corners of Europe to these regions. Here Finns, Germans, Russians, Izhors, Dutch lived compactly. There were Protestant churches, a Lutheran church, and the left bank of the Neva adorned the Orthodox church. Between the coasts the ferry crossed. Business and private correspondence was conducted in German and Swedish.

In addition to shopping malls and warehouses, a hospital, a brick factory, a shipyard, a greenhouse and even a nursing home were built in Nien. Between the banks on which the city was built, I went by ferry.

The flowering of trade and competition among other Baltic cities led to the fact that in 1632 the townspeople appealed to the Swedish king with a petition to grant them the trade privileges that were later granted to them.

The port became a free zone and was exempt from taxes. The increase in trade privileges has led to the revival of trade and prosperity of the population.

For the Swedes, the fort was only the first swallow in a network of powerful fortifications, with which it was intended to strengthen the lands of Ingermanlandia. But the beginning of the Northern War prevented the implementation of these plans.

Taking the Nyenskans

The history of the 17th century for Russia began with the declaration of the Northern War. Peter I was well aware of the importance of the city of Nyen and the surrounding fortifications. Therefore, one of the first military actions of the king was the capture of Nyenskans.

Under the command of General-Fel'marshal Sheremetev, the Russian army became in Shlisserburg, and on April 23, 1703, left the city and, moving along the right bank of the Neva, approached the place where the fortress of Nienschanz was located. For reconnaissance, a detachment of two thousand men was sent out, on boats crossing Lake Ladoga and the Swedes who approached the fortress. A sudden attack crushed the guard posts of the Swedish army, as the fortification guard was not prepared and small. On April 25, the bulk of the army approached the fortress. Part of the army crossed through Ohta, and part was located behind, under the cover of the outer shaft. Surrounding the fortress, the besiegers began to dig trenches to install artillery batteries. At night, mortars, cannons and shells were delivered from Schlisserburg by water.

April 26 to participate in the capture of the fortress came King Peter with his retinue. By April 30, all the siege measures had been carried out, and the commandant of the fortress was sent an offer to surrender. At 7 o'clock in the evening, the defenders of Nienschanz opened fire. The Swedes fired back to five o'clock in the morning, after which they accepted a proposal for surrender.

Delivery of the fortress

The capture of the fortress was fixed by the capitulation agreement. Under the terms of the latter, all defenders were given an exit from the fortress to Vyborg or Narva with banners and weapons. After the passage of time, the fortress was renamed Schlönburg.

The military council, which took place shortly after the Russian army was consolidated on the banks of the Neva, decided the fate of Schlottburg. The city was too small and uncomfortable. Expand the construction of a new fortress was decided on the Hare Island.

Peter personally observed that the fortress of Nyenskans was erased from the face of the earth. The buildings were destroyed, broken, blown up, erasing the memory of the Swedish fortification. The city of Nyen also suffered during the siege, but some houses and a brick factory remained intact, and later were used in the construction of the first buildings of St. Petersburg. On the site of the former fortress the king ordered the planting of the four highest mast trees.

Nienschanz after the capture

Contemporaries of the Northern War argued that it would not take 15 years to forget about Fort Nienschantz, but the cartographers' data show that the remnants of this defensive structure existed until the 10th of the 19th century. In 1748, on the site of the crown of Nyenskans, the brilliant Rastrelli laid the foundation of the Smolny Cathedral. Ten years later, the interior of the fortress will occupy the shipyard of the Petrovsky plant.

Museum of Nienschanz

In the early 90's. XX century St. Petersburg archaeologists excavated on the shores of Okhta in the mouth of the river. Collected findings allowed to open a museum, the full name of which sounds like "700 years of Landskrona, Nevsky estuary, Nienschanz". The museum can present planograms and mock-ups. And also the finds that history has preserved. 5th grade of the secondary school will significantly increase its level of knowledge, getting acquainted with the valuable exhibits of this museum.

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