External ladders: structures, installation. Street staircases for cottages and houses

External staircases can perform in the house a variety of functions. Such structures are usually made of wood, metal, concrete, brick or blocks. Actually the technology of assembly depends both on their purpose and on the material used in the course of installation.

Main types of street staircases

The most popular type of such structures is, of course, a porch. This staircase is available in almost every house. In addition to the porches, in suburban buildings can also meet:

• Leading to the attic or the second floor of the staircase;
• firefighters.

In the form of street structures of this type are:

• Round;
• Rectangular;
• Trapezoidal.

As a support for the steps during the assembly of stairs, Kosovars are often used. Sometimes they are replaced with a string. In the courtyards of cottages and dwelling houses, staircases with or without railings can be installed. The location of these structures in relation to the building is also different. Convenient can be both external staircases adjacent to houses, and installed parallel to the walls or at an angle to them.

By design distinguish marching and spiral staircases. The first variety is considered much more convenient to operate. The porches and stairs leading to the second floor or the attic are usually made marching. Screw constructions are rarely used in yards. Mount them mostly only where there is not enough room to install the march variety.

Vertical external staircases can usually be seen only in the courtyards of urban high-rise buildings. But sometimes they are mounted in private houses. Such structures are used mainly only as firemen.

Fences

The rails of street stairs, like the steps themselves, can be made of different materials: concrete, wood, metal. The main requirements for fencing requirements are strength and aesthetic appearance. To assemble the handrail, it is not necessary to use the same material as for the erection of the march. Thus, concrete ladders can be supplemented with metal fencing, steel ladders , etc.

To the railings of the handrail is usually presented only one requirement - they should be easy to use. Therefore, this element is most often made of wood. The beam and board are known to have a low degree of thermal conductivity. Due to this feature, wooden handrails do not heat up in the heat and frost.

Enclosures for external staircases: design

The choice of design for railings should be approached more closely. It is their design that usually determines the overall appearance of the staircase . Wooden fences are often made carved. Forged metal rails are also very beautiful. Not bad looking and galvanized modern steel fences in combination, for example, with materials such as polycarbonate or impact-resistant glass.

To decorate the side walls of monolithic concrete marching structures, tiles or porcelain stoneware are often used. Sometimes external staircases of this type are also made using natural stone. Usually it is either granite or marble. In very expensive houses, the finishing of concrete railings can be done using jasper, coil, onyx, etc.

Design of steps

The choice of design for the stairs marches, as well as for the handrail, depends mainly on the material used for the manufacture. Wooden steps in themselves look quite impressive. Therefore, they are usually simply covered with a varnish designed for processing street structures. Metal steps are often covered with wood or use rubber or plastic lining. Concrete structures, like monolithic railings, are faced with ceramic tile or natural stone.

SNiP requirements for dimensions

Of course, street ladders should not only be beautiful and convenient to use, but also safe. When constructing such structures, the following SNiP standards are compulsorily observed:

• The width of the ladder should not be less than 90 cm. If the march is already, the people moving towards it will simply not be able to disperse. Optimum in terms of costs for materials and amenities is the width of the ladder in 1-1.5 meters.
• The depth of the steps themselves should be such that they place a foot of a person walking down the stairs. According to the standards, this figure should not be less than 30 cm. Only narrower fire stairs can have narrower steps. To produce such structures, a corner with a shelf of 5-10 cm is usually used.
• In one march, according to the rules, there should not be more than 18 steps. At the same time, the minimum number is not limited.
• The optimal height of the riser on the stairs used to move the tenants of the house is 15-20 cm.
• The height of the handrails should be at least 90 cm. Do not leave a distance of more than 15 cm between balusters. It is especially important to observe this rule in the houses where children live. Kids are very curious and in the event that the distance between the balusters is more, they can stick their head between them and get stuck.

The vertical staircase leading to the attic can be either stationary or adjoining. The latter option is mainly used to provide a lift only to unheated attics. The structures intended for lifting to a residential attic or to the second floor must be stationary only.

Features of assembling wooden marching stairs

Street designs of this variety are usually mounted from pine. Such sawn timber differs durability, resistance to moisture and ultraviolet and at the same time is not too expensive. As a support for steps in wooden staircases, Kosovars are most often used. Strings are also sometimes used.

Marches on Kosovars look firmer and more attractive. However, it is more difficult to collect such ladders. Represent kosuroy wide boards with cut out in them along the edge of the landing nests under the steps. The bowstring is simply installed parallel to each other. The support for the steps when they are used is made of pieces of timber. This material is simply stuffed on the strings from the inside with a certain pitch.

An external staircase to the second floor or to the attic can be assembled from two or three marches. In this case, intermediate platforms are also assembled from the board.

Features of the assembly of metal stairs

Such designs are usually collected on strings. And often only one such support (from the channel) is used, launched in the middle of the march. Under the steps themselves in this case are attached pieces of the corner. Sometimes, metal stairs are welded and oblique. Landing sockets on such supports are made of bent steel strips.

Steel structures are usually more expensive than wooden ones. Therefore, in most cases only a metal fire escape staircase is used in the yard. Sometimes the corner and the channel, as they are more durable than wood, are also used for arranging marches leading to the attic or the second floor. The porches are often poured from concrete or knocked out of the boards.

Connect the elements of steel stairs by welding or using bolts. The steps of such structures can be all-metal or lattice.

Construction of concrete stairs

With the use of cement mortar on the street usually poured only porches of houses. Preliminary under such constructions the strong basis in the form of a concrete pillow is arranged. Then the formwork is mounted. After the first stage is poured, the space between it and the base of the house is filled with soil or rubble and carefully packed. Then the second stage is poured. The formed "trough" is again covered with crushed stone. In this sequence of work, the porch is maintained to the required height. At the final stage, the platform is concreted before the door.

Pour the steps of the cement porch laid with reinforcement. Mounted in their thickness, the rod should protrude along the edges approximately 20 cm. This is necessary for the bundle of the march skeleton with the reinforcement of the monolithic walls of the porch. The latter are also poured into the formwork.

Screw-down street ladders

Buildings of this type, as well as marching, with their own hands does not represent special complexity. The main support element in the spiral staircases is a strong pole. The steps are fixed on it by means of special fasteners. They have a trapezoid shape. Look spiral staircases more modern and original than the marching ones. However, they are inferior to the safety of movement.

What can be the steps

In any staircase, the most important is, of course, precisely this constructive element. All steps in the march must have the same size. Concrete stairs are usually made only "deaf." In wooden and metal risers (the vertical part) are often absent. Such constructions are cheaper. However, staircases without podium steps are less solid and reliable than "deaf".

Sometimes it happens that there is not enough room to install the site when installing the march construction. In this case, the staircase is complemented by the steps. One side of them already, the other - wider. That is, in form they resemble stages of screw structures.

Of course, this important element of the ladder, whatever shape it has, should be as strong as possible. In particular, you should carefully select the material for structures such as wooden external staircases. The thickness of the board of the steps should be at least 2.5-3 cm. Attach it to the strings or strings only with bolts. Self-tapping screws can not be used in this case. Otherwise, the steps will very quickly become loose and move around the stairs will become unsafe.