Classification of management models. Classification of economic and mathematical models

Consider the concept: "Models. Classification of models "from the scientific point of view.

Classification

Currently, there is a division of them into separate groups. Depending on the purpose, this classification of economic-mathematical models is implied:

• Theoretical-analytical types associated with the study of general characteristics and patterns;
• Applied models aimed at solving certain economic problems. They include the models of forecasting, economic analysis, management.

The classification of economic-mathematical models is also related to the sphere of their practical application.

Contents of models

Depending on the content of the problematic, such models are divided into groups:

• Production models as a whole;
• Separate options for regions, subsystems, industries;
• Complexes of consumption patterns, production, distribution and formation of labor resources, income, financial ties.

Classification of models of these groups implies the isolation of structural, functional, structural-functional subsystems.

When carrying out research at the economic level of structural models is explained by the interconnection of individual subsystems. As common variants, it is possible to identify models of interbranch systems.

Functional options are used for the economic regulation of commodity-money relations. One and the same object can be represented in the form of functional, structural forms simultaneously.

The use of structural models in research at the economic level is justified by the interconnection of subsystems. Typical in this case are models of interbranch relations.

Functional models are widely used in the field of economic regulation. Typical in this case are the models of consumer behavior in terms of commodity-money relations.

Differences between models

Let's analyze different models. Classification of models currently used in the economy, involves the allocation of regulatory and descriptive options. Using descriptive models, one can explain the facts analyzed, predict the possibility of the existence of certain facts.

Purpose of the descriptive campaign

It involves empirical identification of various dependencies in the modern economy. For example, statistical regularities of economic behavior of various social groups are established, probable ways of development of certain processes under constant conditions or without external influences are studied. Based on the results obtained during the sociological survey, you can build a model of customer demand.

Regulatory models

With their help, you can assume a purposeful activity. As an example, we can present a model of optimal planning.

The economic-mathematical model can be both normative and descriptive. If the model of the interbranch balance is used to analyze the proportions of the past period, it is descriptive. When calculating with its help the optimal ways of developing the economy, it is normative.

Symptoms of models

Classification of models assumes the account of separate functions which help to specify disputable moments. The descriptive approach has found the maximum spread in simulation modeling.

Depending on the nature of the detection of cause-effect relationships, there is a classification of models for options that include individual elements of uncertainty and randomness, as well as rigidly deterministic models. It is important to distinguish uncertainty, which is based on probability theory, and uncertainty that goes beyond the limits of the law.

The division of models by means of reflecting the time factor

It is proposed to classify models by this factor into dynamic and static types. Static models assume the consideration of all regularities in a certain period of time. Dynamic variants are characterized by changes in time. Depending on the duration of the application, the models can be classified into the following variants:

• Short-term, the duration of which does not exceed a year;
• Medium-term, calculated for a period of from one to five years;
• Long-term, calculated for a period of more than five years.

Depending on the specifics of the project, it is allowed to make changes in the process of using the model.

In the form of mathematical dependencies

The basis for classifying models is the form of mathematical dependencies chosen for the job. They are mainly used for calculating and analyzing the class of linear models. Consider the economic types of models. Classification of models of this kind helps to study the change in consumption and demand of the population in the event of an increase in their material incomes. In addition, the economic model analyzes the changes in the population's demand in the case of increased production, assesses the effectiveness of the use of resources in a particular situation.

Depending on the ratio of endogenous and exogenous variables that are included in the model, the classification of models of these species into closed and open systems is applied.

Any model must include at least one endogenous variable, and therefore completely open systems are very problematic. Models that do not include exogenous variables (closed versions) are also practically not common. In order to create such an option, it will be necessary to completely abstract from the environment, to allow serious coarsening of a real economic system with external links.

As the achievements of mathematical and economic studies increase, the classification of models and systems becomes much more complicated. Currently, mixed types are used, as well as complex model constructions. A unified classification of information models has not been established at the moment. Thus it is possible to note about ten parameters on which there is an alignment of types of models.

Types of models

Monographic or verbal model involves a description of the process or phenomenon. Often we are talking about rules, law, theorem, or a set of several parameters.

The graphic model is made out in the form of a drawing, a geographical map, a drawing. For example, the relationship between consumer demand and the cost of production can be represented using coordinate axes. The graph clearly demonstrates the relationship between the two quantities.

Real or physical models are created for objects that do not yet exist in reality.

Degree of aggregation of objects

There is a classification of information models for this feature on:

• Local, with the help of which the analysis and forecast of certain indices of the industry development are carried out;
• On microeconomic, intended for a serious analysis of the structure of production;
• Macroeconomic, based on the study of the economy.

There is also a separate classification of management models for macroeconomic species. They are divided into single-, double-, multisectoral variants.

Depending on the purpose of creation and use, the following options are distinguished:

• Deterministic, having unambiguously clear results;
• Stochastic, which assume probabilistic outcomes.

In the modern economy, balance models are singled out, which reflect the requirement of a resource base and their application. For their recording use the form of square chess matrices.

There are also econometric types, for estimation of which the methods of mathematical statistics are applied. On such models express the development of the main indicators of the created economic system through a long trend (trend). They are in demand in the analysis and forecasting of certain economic situations associated with real statistical information.

Optimization models make it possible to choose from an array of alternative (possible) options the optimal option for production, consumption, or resource allocation. The use of limited resources in this situation will be the most effective means to achieve the goal.

Simulation models involve participation in the project not only of an expert, but also of specialized software and computers. The resulting expert database is intended to be solved by simulating one or more tasks of a person.

Network models are a set of operations and events that are interrelated in time. Most often, this model is designed to perform the work in such a sequence to achieve the minimum deadlines for the project.

Depending on the chosen type of mathematical apparatus, the following models are distinguished:

• Matrix;
• Correlation-regressive;
• Network;
• Inventory management;
• Queuing.

Stages of economic and mathematical modeling

This process is purposeful, it obeys a certain logical program of actions. Among the main stages of creating such a model are:

• Setting the economic problem and conducting its qualitative analysis;
• Development of mathematical model;
• Preparation of initial information;
• Numerical solution;
• The analysis of the results obtained, their use.

When posing an economic problem, it is necessary to clearly articulate the essence of the problem, to note the important features and parameters of the modeled object, to analyze the interconnection of individual elements in order to explain the development and behavior of the object under consideration.

When developing a mathematical model, a relationship between equations, inequalities, and functions is revealed. First of all, determine the type of model, analyze the possibility of applying it in a specific task, form a specific list of parameters and variables. When considering complex objects, different-dimensional models are built, so that each characterizes the individual sides of the object.

Then the necessary mathematical calculations are performed, the results are analyzed.

Conclusion

At present, there is no separate concept of the model. Classification of models is conditional, but this does not reduce their relevance.