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Oil composition and oil properties

Oil is an oily and combustible liquid that is distributed in the zone of the sedimentary shell of the earth's crust. It is one of the most important minerals for humans. Oil is a very complex mixture of cyclones, arenes and alkanes. It also contains oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen compounds. More than a thousand specific organic substances are found in the composition of oil , which contain about ninety percent of carbon, fifteen percent of hydrogen, five percent of sulfur, one percent of nitrogen and three percent of oxygen. Also, oil includes a small admixture of mineral compounds. The ash content of oil is very small, it does not exceed one-tenth of one percent. Oil is of three types:

1. Easy.

2. Average.

3. Heavy.

Burns oil at a heat of about 43.7-46.2 MJ / kg, which is its huge advantage among other combustible substances.

The composition of oil may include light fractions, which boil at two hundred degrees Celsius. They basically consist of methane hydrocarbons, that is, alkanes. The content of such light fractions in oil products obtained at different locations may be very different. Cycloalkanes, as well as hydrocarbons of aromatic type, that is, arenas, in the composition of oil are of significant importance.

The most toxic components that make up oil and oil products are considered to be aromatic hydrocarbons (arenas). They are called chronic toxicants. The most active of them and high-speed one can include benzene, toluene and xylene, since they are low-boiling substances. A large number of diverse arenas are considered dangerous mutagens and carcinogens. The most dangerous group of arenas is a group of polyaromatic hydrocarbons.

The chemical composition of oil also includes a large proportion of solid methane hydrocarbons - the so-called paraffins. Their content in it can exceed fifteen percent.

According to the content of paraffin products, oil is divided into several groups:

1. Oil of low paraffin composition. They contain no more than one and a half percent of paraffins in the composition.

2. Oil of medium paraffin composition. This oil contains up to six percent of paraffin.

3. Highly paraffinic oil. Here paraffin contains more than 6 percent.

Oil contains substances such as chrysene, phenanthrene, benzpyrene, pyrene, tetraphene. It also contains non-hydrocarbon components - resins and asphaltenes, which play an important role in the activity of this mineral.

From the ecological point of view, sulfur compounds are important components of the oil . According to the content of these products, oil is also divided into three groups:

1. Low-sulfur oil. It contains up to half a percent of sulfur.

2. Sulphurous oil. Here the sulfur content does not exceed two percent.

3. High-sulfur oil. These are all petroleum products containing more than two percent sulfur.

The properties of oil, which are the main definition of the height of its quality, include:

1. Density. In relation to oil, its density with respect to distilled water is most often taken into account . Density of oil usually varies from 0.8 to 0.9 g / cm3, but there are also types of oil, whose density can reach and 0.98 g / cm3.

2. Viscosity. The conditional, kinematic and dynamic viscosity are distinguished.

3. Molecular weight. This is the most important indicator of the quality of petroleum products. The molecular weight of most of the petroleum products does not exceed 300 g / mol.

4. The refractive index. This is a very important indicator for petroleum products, which are complex mixtures of various substances.

5. Fractional composition. All substances that are even a small part of the composition of oil, are of great importance for its quality.  

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