Binocular vision as a complex process

Binocular vision is a rather complex process, the result of which is possible only through the work of both eyes simultaneously, as well as oculomotor muscles. In addition, in the process of binocular vision, the cerebral cortex, which gives the necessary signals to the ocular muscles, and the visual pathways, directly participate. The appearance of binocular vision occurs when two monocular images merge into one. Separately, each person's eye sees a particular object from several different positions. Therefore, the images of any object in each of the eyes are always transversely offset relative to each other. This phenomenon is called "disparity". There is a phenomenon of transverse dysparation, which appears with binocular vision and is the basis of deep vision. With the help of one eye a person can only very roughly assess the depth of the surrounding space. This is possible only with a certain linear, air or light perspective. Therefore it is understandable why binocular vision and monocular vision are so different in terms of human perception of a qualitative three-dimensional picture of the surrounding space.

Three-dimensional perception of space with monocular vision is quite imperfect. For example, close one eye and take a pencil in each hand. Now try to bring the tips of the pencils together. It is unlikely that you will get it the first time. Binocular vision will allow this operation to be carried out with little or no effort. In addition, vision with the help of two eyes greatly expands the view of space, is responsible for increasing visual acuity and sensitivity of each eye to light, especially to the weak. In addition, binocular vision helps to get rid of the blind spot effect, and also compensates for the quality of vision when one of the eyes suddenly breaks down.

The most important point in the implementation of the correct binocular vision is a clear balance of work and the constant tone of the human eye muscles. The ideal balance and balance in the work of the oculomotor muscles is called "orthophoresis."

But there are violations of this balance, which occur quite often and are detected in almost 75% of adults, respectively, in the presence of healthy binocular vision. This imbalance, which is a hidden disruption of the eye muscles, is called "heterophoria." Heterophoria is divided into two types. This is an "esophore" - the reduction of visual axes. And the second type - "exophory" - develops with a tendency to dilute visual axes.

Investigation of binocular vision

The meaning of the binocular vision work is the projection of images of objects that are at the same distance from the eyes to different points of the retina of the left and right eyes. Imagine that in front of you on the wall is a black circle of paper. If the visual lines of the eyes are in the area of the black circle, its image will in any case fall into the central fossa. If, for example, there are objects that are at a distance from the eyes the same as the black circle, then the images of these objects will fall on the retina of both eyes to points equidistant from the center.

In the process of binocular vision, the most important thing is the correct operation of the eye muscles. They provide a constant convergence in the movement of eyeballs, and also control the exact stop and fixation of both eyes at the chosen point of space. With orthotopia, when the balance of the eye muscles is perfectly tuned, there are no significant problems. At the same time, there are people suffering from various forms of heterophory, for example, strabismus.

The child's binocular vision is formed during the first three months of life. When a child is born, he does not yet have this kind of vision.

Quality binocular vision is the key to success for people of many professions. Basically, it is vital for people whose work is in exact coordination in the surrounding space, for example, surgeons and doctors of other similar specialties, athletes, biathletes, drivers, military, etc. Studies of binocular vision are constantly continuing, as they can become very important in medicine in the treatment of various eye diseases.