Zhostovo painting. Elements of the Zhostovo painting. Zhostovo factory of decorative painting

Affecting diversity and diversity, splashing on the black or colored smoothness of trays, Zhostovo painting forms bright floral patterns, decorated with subtle details. Exquisite roses and scarlet poppies, simple daisies and touching cornflowers, pompous peonies and radiant asters are combined with unknown, but from this no less beautiful colors. Birds and butterflies, various berries and fruits look as alive on such simple and ordinary objects as trays. How many do not look, you will not find a single identical tray - each of them is unique! Where did this art come from, how do such wonderful things, where you can take lessons from the Zhostovo painting? This article and about the features of painting on metal, typical for the masters from the Moscow region Zhostov, will tell this article.

History of the lacquer painting

The very first, according to historical and archaeological data, the art of lacquer painting was mastered by the Chinese. Several thousand years ago, in the era of Shan Yin, Chinese people decorated with lacquer drawings household utensils and everyday items, weapons and ritual vessels.

Following China, the art of painting lacquered conquered the countries of Indochina, Persia and India, Japan and Korea. In each region, the technique of lacquer painting developed independently, based on the traditions of folk crafts, but also borrowing the experience of masters from other countries.

How did the painting come to Russia?

European merchants in the XVI-XVII centuries, who traded with the countries of Southeast Asia, brought beautiful examples of painted varnished products to their home countries. Inspired by the beauty and originality of the various oriental objects decorated with varnish images, the masters of many European countries begin to make and decorate various things in the "Chinese" style.

Serious development of the production of objects decorated with varnish painting, in such European countries as Holland, England, Germany and France, occurred only in the XVIII century.

The Urals industrialist Nikita Akinfievich Demidov traveled extensively throughout Europe, where he became interested in the idea of varnish painting. In 1778 in the Urals, in Nizhny Tagil, the Urals flower painting for metal began to be born.

The emergence of Zhostovo varnish painting for metal

Metal trunks and trays, jugs and buckets made in the Urals and decorated with lacquer paintings, as well as other everyday items, were sold not only at local Irbit and Krestovsk fairs, but also at the All-Russia Makaryevsky Fair in Nizhny Novgorod.

Perhaps, it was the products of the Ural masters that they saw that inspired the Vishnyakov brothers to paint varnished metal trays. Vishnyakov's family business since 1825 developed basically as a varnish painting of various products from papier-mache - tobacco boxes, cigarette cases, albums, suharnits and caskets.

Since 1830, most workshops located in the villages and villages of the Trinity Volost, such as Troitskoe, Khlebnikovo and Zhostovo, have stopped making papier-mache items, but switched to the production and painting of metal trays.

The proximity to the capital allowed the fishery to dispense with intermediaries and have a permanent market, as well as to purchase the necessary materials at reasonable prices.

History of the development of the fishery

Since the 30s of the XIX century, metal trays have been manufactured and decorated with lacquer practically in all surrounding villages. At that time Zhostovo painting was experiencing a peak of its popularity. In the post-revolutionary years, the demand for the products of the Zhostovo masters fell sharply, which led to the unification of the scattered artists into small professional artels.

In 1928, all small artels from Troitsky, Novosiltsev, Zhostov and other surrounding villages joined together in a specialized artel "Metallopodnos" with a management center in Zhostovo.

The most difficult time for the Zhostovo painting, as well as for most other folk crafts, was the 40-50s of the last century. It was at this time that the production of trays decreased significantly, but the production of non-traditional fishing of children's goods increased several fold. Zhostovo painting for children is a small wooden and metal pods, buckets and paddles, decorated with individual elements.

Modern History

Khrushchev's "thaw" brought positive changes in the life of the fishery. In 1960, the Metalopodnos artel was reorganized and received its current name - Zhostovo Decorative Painting Factory. Attention from the government, active joint work of masters and scientists, participation in various exhibitions both in Russia and abroad allowed the industry to come out of the long-term crisis.

Today the factory is actively working, the author's works of artists working on it adorn the expositions of many museums around the world, as well as the homes of prominent cultural, scientific and political figures.

Peculiarities of becoming

As already mentioned, the Zhostovo painting developed under the influence of the Urals flower painting for metal. But Zhostovo masters, who initially processed and decorated various items made of papier-mache, managed to transfer all their technological finds to metal trays. For their priming, they used their own compositions, as well as special kopalovye varnishes.

No less influence on the development of the fishery was provided by the nearby center of the Luckutin lacquer miniature. The further stylistic formation of the Zhostovo painting was influenced by Rostov enamel and floral motifs of Ivanov chintzes, as well as porcelain paintings made at Moscow factories.

From what and how do trays?

Modern Zhostovo trays are produced in two ways: by stamping and forging.

From ordinary sheet iron on special mechanical presses make blanks for trays of standard shapes and sizes. Then, on the electric press, by means of special molds and a combined die, the edge is rolled-the side. And that the sides of the tray become rigid, they are rolled.

Artists Zhostovo painting can work not only with standard forms of trays. On their choice there are 26 typical forms, from which the most appropriate design is selected. Then, if it is unique, the work is done by the forger (smith), who makes a forged tray. For this purpose, a bracket is cut from several metal sheets by hand scissors, which is then pulled out and knocked out under the influence of a hammer. When the tray is placed in the edges of the tray, a special wire is inserted, which ensures its strength, and then the edge itself is leveled with a hammer.

How are the trays prepared for painting?

After the trays have been shaped and were rolled, they are primed on both sides with putty, consisting of chalk, diluted in linseed oil. Once the primed tray is dried in a special cabinet, the master primer grinds its surface with sandpaper, and then applies another layer of putty. Previously, the tray was covered in two layers with black soil consisting of kaolin clay, kerosene, Dutch soot and vegetable oil. Each layer is necessarily dried and ground. Today, the traditional method of priming is not used, instead of it, a brown factory primer applied from the spray gun is used. After drying, the primed tray is shpaklyuyut and dried. Then put the pouched tray manually with pumice stone.

Only after this, the black paint is applied to the tray on turpentine basis, and after another drying it is covered in 2-3 layers with black oil varnish. The dried and cleaned tray is handed over to the artist for painting.

How do colored backgrounds on trays?

Zhostovo factory of decorative painting, in addition to trays with a traditional black background, produces products that have red, blue, green and blue backgrounds. To create them, a thin layer of a clear varnish is applied to the surface of the tray. While it is not dry, sprinkle it with bronze or aluminum powder. After the metallized background dries, it is stained with a paint coating of the desired color, which results in an intense and saturated, but also flickering, as it were translucent, background.

Painting on a colored background requires changing both color characteristics and techniques. So, the glare is only slightly indicated, and the shadows are slightly drawn.

Artistic painting of Zhostovo trays

Zhostovo masters perform painting with special squirrel brushes and oil paints, diluted with turpentine and linseed oil. Each artist simultaneously works on several works. To remove the ornament, white paint with a varnish (gulfarba), sprinkled with aluminum powder, or so-called poured gold - diluted in turpentine or transparent lacquer gold powder is used.

Zhostovo painting is performed in two stages: painting and stamping. At the stage of painting, the artist draws the main silhouette of the composition on the working surface of the tray with a broad brush. For its implementation diluted (bleached) paints are used. Then the tray with the putty is dried for 12 hours in the drying cabinets.

After that, the master proceeds to the alignment and draws light places, superimposes color shadows and prescribes glare that gives the volume of the composition. Stamens of flowers and veins of leaves appear in thin lines. Large elements of the Zhostovo painting, such as large flowers, are associated with smaller stems, grass blades and other parts of the composition. The most recent is the ornamentation on the side.

The finished work is polished three times with a colorless varnish and dried in ovens, after which it is manually polished to a mirror finish.

The main motifs of the mural

Most often, artists Zhostovo perform simple flower arrangements in the form of bouquets, in which rhythmically alternate large garden and smaller field flowers. As a rule, the basis of the composition is a few large flowers, such as a rose, aster, peony, dahlia or tulip, surrounded by a scattering of small flowers and buds and linked together by thin stems, twigs and leaves. In addition to large garden flowers, some artists bring to the forefront compositions of modest violets, lilies of the valley, convolvulus or pansies.

Bouquets of both garden and field flowers can be supplemented with images of fruits, berries, birds and butterflies. Sometimes the painters depict on trays only still lifes from fruit or a cluster of berries, such as mountain ash.

In addition to floral compositions, a story-based Zhostovo painting is also created, a photo of which you can see below. As a rule, she depicts scenes from the life of ordinary people, landscapes, landscapes, as well as horse threes. By and large, Zhostovo painting (pictures are presented in the article) is really a real art.

Expressive means of Zhostovo applied arts

Originally compositions for trays were borrowed from picturesque canvases, but their interpretation for each artist had its own. Today the masters realize the compositions that have already become classical, but they also strive to find new ones.

It should be noted that in every work of the Zhostovo painting the compositions are inscribed in the plane and are associated with the shape of the tray, the conditional depth and bulkiness of the painted objects are perfectly conveyed in them. An important expressive means of Zhostovo art is the rhythmic and color balance of the drawing.

Can I learn?

Learn what Zhostovo painting, how to draw in this technique, you can in Zhostovo. At the factory, whose products are famous throughout the world, guided tours of the museum trays and master classes on the lacquer pattern. Almost every city has a travel agency offering excursions to the factory, where you can see how Zhostovo painting is done. A master class is also provided for in the program. A trip to the excursion to Zhostovo can be organized independently, after contacting the museum and specifying the hours of its work.