What actions can be called verbal? Classification of speech acts

When a person takes part in an event, there is always a definite goal before him. And he unconsciously or consciously wants to achieve it, having fulfilled his aspirations. Almost always in achieving a goal, he needs helpers whom he tries to convince, that is, he participates in a certain speech event, which means he does the deed, that is, acts. The word is always a specific kind of case, hence the conclusion is that what actions can be called speech. These are any words spoken for a specific purpose, aimed at the result.

Speech act

According to modern linguists H. Grice, J. Searle and J. Austin, speech actions are a conversation with others, and a person, pronouncing his tasks, already performs a certain action, if it is directed at the addressee. The intent of the speaker is called a verbal act, a speech act, or a speech action.

The variety of speech actions is obvious, their huge number in the arsenal of mankind. Scientists compiled a classification, where the basis is precisely the speech intention. What actions can be called verbal? Yes, everyone who aspire to one or more goals and speak out with certain intentions. Most often the goal is not one, and in conversation you can identify several types of speech and trace several speech acts.

Dmitry Likhachev

Truly miracles can create spoken language. Examples can be found at every step. The commander in his speech is able to propel the army on an exceptional heroism exploits. The tombstone of a relative of the deceased or the deceased may cause sobs in a whole crowd, and in some cases call for revenge. What do deputies in the State Duma do? There is spoken language. Examples of its target presence are constant, since such is the work of the servant of the people. At the first congress, which took place during the agony of the USSR, the deputies were academician Dmitry Likhachev.

You can analyze his speech in order to clearly understand what actions can be called speech. He speaks first of the state of Soviet culture, of its humanitarian component, and is surprised. That not one of the people's representatives in the election platform even met this word - "culture". But without the most elementary morality that it gives, social laws can not act, economic laws-all the more, modern science is dying, as experiments cost money, large projects and basic construction are not realized because of the lack of immediate returns-and so on. Likhachev thoroughly considered the deplorable condition of almost all monuments of culture, archives, libraries, museums. In particular, the culture of speech behavior, aspects of its degradation were also affected. Especially much he spoke about education, because it is there that culture should be laid. Further, concrete proposals were followed to improve the situation in the country in this area.

Communication and Speech

Analyzing this speech of the academician, it is not so easy to attribute it to a certain type of speech, to reveal intentions. Of course, it is immediately clear that Likhachev was trying, by following all the rules of speech behavior, to draw the attention of the people's representatives to the facts presented, to convince them of the priority of the task set by him. It also immediately shows that the academician, in addition to informing the listeners, tried to encourage them to take certain actions. To speak is a verbal action, as it turns out. Talk to the target audience, talk about problems. And the type of speech determines the speech intention.

In this case, the speech of Academician Likhachev belongs to the agitational type, which leads to concrete actions, but with elements of informing and argumentative types. The structure of the speech act in this speech is such that there is not present here, perhaps, only the epideic type - solemn glorification, which is often filled with speeches not only of jubilee corporate parties, but also congresses of people's deputies. Why is this happening? Yes, because Academician Dmitry Likhachev, unlike many colleagues, chose the correct speech behavior, helping to achieve the goal.

The diatribic type

Is it always an action? And what actions can be called verbal? Each person either used the diatribe style himself, or encountered this phenomenon at every step. This is rather not an action, but a verbal impact, when two bosom friends chat for hours on the phone. Here the speech itself is self-sufficient and self-valuable, since it is aimed at obtaining mutual pleasure. There is no reason for this conversation, there is no purpose, even the new one, most often none of the interlocutors will know, because all the assessments surrounding are already exposed.

But there is a purely emotional background, some pleasant joy from communication, and the classification of speech acts contains this type of speech in a separate line. Diatribic type of speech (philosophers this concept is almost abusive) includes cute "mezhdusoboychikovye" jokes, little understood by strangers, some hints of funny situations, entertaining details known only to these ladies of adventure. All this creates a precedent when speech actions are not actions, but the creation of a certain sensory background, the effect of which brings joy. Real live communication is filled with many types of speech acts, depending on needs: compassion, help, punishing someone or even trying to kill with a word ... Speech behavior varies depending on the circumstances.

Births and types of speech

1. Academic speech . It includes university and school lectures, scientific reports, reports and reviews, popular science lectures.

2. Litigation . There are two types: advocate - defensive and prosecutorial - accusatory.

3. Socio-political speech. These are reports, various speeches at congresses, conferences, meetings, meetings, speeches in parliament, at rallies, military-patriotic speeches, as well as agitators and diplomats. This includes the political review.

4. Social and everyday speech. Here, too, a lot of options: speeches at receptions, small greetings, various toasts, as well as funeral speeches. This is the same spoken language, examples of which every person observes daily.

5. Spiritual, or church-theological speech. There are two options: a sermon and official ecclesiastical speech.

The situation is usually dictated by the speaker's corresponding speech behavior. The components of the situation are necessarily built into speech and correspond to its orientation, forming a harmonic unity.

The concept of

Speech, examples of which are given above, helps to form the very concept of speech activity: it is a fixed psychological content (specific and characteristic objects, means, methods, products and results), entrusted needs, which is the prerequisite of any verbal act. Plus, the analysis of the process, that is, phase, and motivational plans. Hence it is possible to derive the definition that speech actions are fragments of a person's general activity in one or another period of time.

And, therefore, the concept of speech activity also follows from the foregoing: it is a purposeful, active, meaningful and motivated process of receiving and issuing a certain thought formulated and formed through the language, expressing the will or expressing emotions. And this process is aimed at communication, which can satisfy the communicative-cognitive need. Units of this activity are speech actions that can be carried out by means of other species or independently, regardless of the overall goal. In any case, talk about activities and activities can only be when there is an impact from them, when it is possible to change the information field as a result of communication.

About speech behavior

This is a broader and less definite concept, since each person's behavior is specific, with a complex system of movements, actions and actions. This social being with functioning in society in one form or another. The totality of speech actions and activities is especially pronounced in speech behavior: it is the manner, the nature of realization in its somatic activity, and the content of speech behavior is entirely adequate to the results of speech activity.

The unit here is the speech act (act), which has the character of the impact (signified) and the external design, that is, the executive part (signifying). Hence, one can talk metaphorically about "grammatical" or "pronouncing" or some other behavior, since speech necessarily includes some emotional component, revealing certain properties of the individual. Speech itself is interpreted in many ways: from phonation and speaking through the text - to communication. In any case, it is an act of an individual process of expressing thoughts and using the language for one's own will.

Speech Processes

The independent form of human activity, its specific form is the definition of speech acts. They represent the process of purposeful, active, conditioned by the situation and mediated by the language of communication, that is, the issuing or receiving of speech messages in the interaction of a person with other people. Such a combination of actions is included in a wider activity - cognitive, labor, for example, but it can also exist independently. However, the speech process and speech activity are not synonymous. Activity is always a process, and a process is not always an activity. "Hello, how are you?", A poem, for example, Lermontov, recited by heart, the issuance by the teacher or the perception of the homework by the schoolchild and very much more - verbal actions, but not activity and process. To distinguish between these concepts, it will be necessary to consider a number of parameters for analysis.

1. Structural organization (external and internal).

2. Subject or psychological content.

We consider all the complex interaction of such components of speech activity as the functioning of perception, attention, memory, thinking. And this will require analysis and characteristics of the following components of the ongoing process.

3. General functional mechanisms of psychological activity.

4. Internal fullness and external coloring of the dialogue of the parties involved in the process.

5. Analysis of activities in the unity of the form of implementation and content.

Internal Structural Organization

Human activity and its speech constituent are determined identically - in three phases:

• Incentive-motivational phase;
• Research phase;
• Executive phase.

Here a complex interaction is realized to obtain the result of the activity: the need - the motive - the goal. The main proponent for personal activity is need, need, necessity. The need itself, of course, does not determine the direction of the action, but together with the goal it is certain to find this direction. So the subject becomes a motive for speech activity, an inducement factor.

Cognition and communication are a constant need and the main source of speech actions. The motive determines the character and dynamics of them, connecting all or many types of speech activity. The nature of the speech process can not end with thought, it is the first instance for the long journey, born from the motivating sphere of consciousness with all drives and needs, interests and motivations, affects and emotions. Following the thought, the trend of will and affect begins to move, answering the eternal question: "Why?" Motivation is like a wind, leading clouds of thought into motion to shed a life-giving rain of words.

The second and third phases

The second phase - analytical-synthetic or orientational-research - studies the conditions, the subject and the disclosure of the properties of the object, makes a choice and attracts tools from the arsenal of methods (arguments, coloring) of conducting speech activity. Here the means for achieving the goal are selected, personal or borrowed (preset) thoughts are formed and formulated to support the process of speech communication. In this phase, plan, program and internally organize all available language tools and methods of speech.

The third phase - realizing, executive - may not be pronounced, as, for example, the executing person simply listens or reads the order. Therefore, the third phase is divided into two components: the executive phase of the listener and the executive motor phase. The speaking person (the master, the active) is always more bright than the listener: articulation, intonation of speech and so on. Without delineating these components, clarity of the definition is difficult to obtain. So, every act of speech activity begins with a motive, continues with the construction of the plan and concrete operations, and ends with the result - positive or negative. A person who has mastered this communication system, who has formed all speech skills, receives negative results much less.

Subject Content

Absolutely, any speech activity has psychological, that is, objective content, and it is equivalent to the structural construction of it. It includes many elements, such as the object itself, the necessary means, carefully selected tools and so on. The subject of speech activity is considered as the main one, since it determines the character of the future of communication and it is in it that the need finds itself. It can be anything - material, material and even ideal (and what is an object - is defined above: it is thought as a form of reflection of the phenomena of reality together with all relationships and relations).

Speech actions are similar to a three-level education, where the average is motivation, need and purpose, the bottom is the subject plan, and the upper level is operational. In the subject content of not less than the subject is important, and the product - that which connects the embodied activity, materializes the object. Here the product, unlike thought (object), can not be ideal, it is always materialized. Text or utterance is a pure product of speech activity, where the totality of the psychological characteristics of the subject is objectified.