Types of speech in psychology: characteristics, classification, scheme, table

One of the greatest achievements of mankind is speech. This is a unique phenomenon, which only people can fully perceive. With the help of this tool people think, communicate with each other, express their feelings. In ancient Greece, people were spoken of as a "talking animal", but there is a very significant difference. After all, people do not just build a sound system of signals that convey their feelings and thoughts, but they describe with it the entire world around them. Types of speech in psychology have a classification and are divided into several groups.

Basic Speech Forms

Languages that are used around the world have one basis - this is speech. It is quite versatile and has many forms. But all the main types of speech in psychology are divided into two groups: 1) oral; 2) written. But they are not something opposite to each other, but closely intertwined. Their main similarity is the sound system on which they are both based. Almost all languages, except for hieroglyphics, are considered to be a kind of oral transmission. Thus, you can draw an analogy with music. Any performer, looking at notes, time and again perceives the melody that the composer wanted to convey, and if there are changes, they are insignificant. So the reader reproduces that phrase or word that is written on paper, while each time voicing an almost identical scale.

Dialogical or colloquial speech

Each time, speaking, a person uses the original form of speech - oral. Characteristics of speech types in psychology call it dialogical or colloquial. Its main feature is the active support of the other party, that is, the interlocutor. For its existence there must be at least two people who communicate with the help of phrases and simple turns of the language. From the point of view of psychology, this kind of speech is the simplest. There is no need for a detailed presentation, since the interlocutors understand each other well in the process of the dialogue, and for them it will not be difficult to finish the thought with the phrase that the other person said. Types of speech in psychology are very diverse, but the dialogue differs in that everything said is clear precisely in the context of this situation. Here verbosity is unnecessary, because every phrase replaces many sentences.

Monologic speech

Types of speech in psychology are sufficiently well disclosed, and one of them is monologic. It differs from the colloquial one in that only one person takes direct part in it. The rest are passive listeners who simply perceive it, but do not accept participation. Often this type of speech is used by speakers, public figures or teachers. It is believed that the monologic story is much more complicated than the dialogical conversation, because the speaker must have a number of skills. He must coherently and consistently build his narrative, intelligibly explain complex moments, and all language norms must be observed . Also, he must choose exactly the tools and methods that will be available for this or that audience, you need to take into account the psychological mood of listeners. And, most importantly, you need to be able to control yourself in any situation.

Active form of speech

Types of language and speech in psychology are also divided in relation to the one who speaks and to the one who perceives. On this basis passive and active speech is divided. The latter helps a person express his thoughts, sharing his experiences with others. There are special speech mechanisms that regulate and control active speech. They are located in the cortex of the left hemisphere of the brain, namely in the frontal part of the brain. This is a very important area, because if it is damaged, then a person simply can not talk. In speech therapy, this disorder is called "motor aphasia."

Passive form

Active and passive types of speech in psychology are considered inseparable. It is difficult to talk about them briefly, because this is a very broad topic. It is believed that the child first takes possession of passive speech. That is, he first tries to understand people talking around. To do this, he listens to them attentively and remembers first a small word, and then phrases. This helps him to say the first words and develop in this direction. Hence, the passive speech is the one we perceive. But this name is conditional, since during the hearing there are also many complex processes. Every word that is directed at us, we say "about ourselves," we ponder it, although there are no external signs of such activity. But here there are exceptions, because not all listen equally: some catch every word, and someone does not even understand the essence of the conversation. These types of speech in psychology are described as dependent on the individual characteristics of a particular person. Some are excellent both actively speak and passively perceive, someone is difficult to give these two processes, while others are dominated by one of them.

Letter

As mentioned above, the basic classification of speech types in psychology divides it into oral and written. The main difference between the second is that it has a material carrier (paper, computer screen, etc.). Although these are related concepts, there are significant differences between these ways of communication. Written speech is presented entirely to the one who perceives it. In oral speech, words are pronounced one after another and the previous word can no longer be perceived, it has already melted in the air. Written from the oral story is also different in that the reader has the opportunity to return to one or another part of the written, jump over several parts and immediately recognize the denouement of the action. This gives some advantage to this kind of speech. For example, if the listener is not well versed in the perceived topic, then it will be much better for him to read the required data several times in order to penetrate more deeply into them. The letter is also very convenient for the one who sets his thoughts on paper. He can at any time correct what he does not like, build a certain text structure, without repeating himself. It can also be made more beautiful from an aesthetic point of view. But all this requires more effort from the author, he must think through the construction of each phrase, write it correctly, while expounding the idea as accurately as possible, without unnecessary "water." You can conduct a simple experiment that will help to understand the difference that these types of speech carry in psychology. The scheme of this experiment is very simple. It is necessary to take a dictaphone and record during the day the speech of different people. Then it should be written down on paper. Every small mistake that is not perceived by hearing, on paper, will be horrifying. Oral speech, in addition to the words themselves, uses many more tools that help convey the whole meaning of the phrase. These include intonation, facial expressions and gestures. And in written speech you need to express everything and do not use the above mentioned means.

Kinetic speech

At a time when people had not yet learned to speak, kinetic speech was the only means of communication. But now we have kept only small pieces of this conversation. This is emotional accompaniment of the language, namely gestures. They give expressiveness to all that has been said, help the speaker to adjust the audience to the right way. But in our time there is a large group of people who use kinetic speech as the main one. These are people who have problems with hearing and speech devices, that is, deaf and dumb. They are divided into those who were born with pathology, and those who lost the ability to hear and speak because of an accident or disease. But they all speak sign language, and this is normal for them. This speech is more developed than the ancient man, and the sign system is more advanced.

Inner speech

The conscious activity of any person is built on thinking, it, in turn, refers to inner speech. Animals also have the beginnings of thinking and consciousness, but it is inner speech that allows a person to have unparalleled intelligence and abilities that are a mystery to animals. As stated above, each person hears a word repeats in his head, that is, reverberates. And this concept is very closely connected with the internal speech, because it can immediately go into it. The dialogue of a person with himself is, in fact, an internal speech. He can for himself something to prove and inspire, convince in something, support and cheer as well as others.

Speech functions

Their functions have all kinds of speech in psychology. The table of functionality of each of them can more clearly reveal all their faces.

Thus, a person's speech has many forms, and each of them is simply indispensable for building the right communication.