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The scientific complex of Russia. The scientific and technical complex of Russia: state, forecasts and development prospects

The scientific complex of Russia is now going through a difficult period. Beginning with the era of perestroika, its structures are continuously reorganized, abolished, reformed, optimized - depending on the current problems in the country and society and the competence of those leaders who are called to solve these problems.

Russian science and the specifics of its development

The modern scientific sphere, like any socially oriented system, is full of collisions and structural contradictions. At the same time, the economic policy implemented by the Government has a significant impact on the development of the scientific potential of the state. According to some analysts, the systemic crisis that has knocked out many, including highly developed countries, ricochet touches the scientific complex of Russia. But there is reason for optimism - thanks to the powerful internal potential, our country has always overcome the crisis periods, including in the progressive areas.

The development of science in Russia was carried out spasmodically, because the country then reflected the invasion of "uninvited guests", it was hastily restored after wars and destruction, then experienced internal shocks - revolutions, reforms. The Russian Academy of Sciences has always built its work in a special way, depending on the "disbalance" of forces and opportunities that existed in the country, which should be eliminated. Looking back, we can see that the problems of the scientific complex of Russia were not born today, but we need to solve them - systematically and together.

The country's scientific complex: structure and functions

The key functions of science are the forecasting of progressive trends, the examination of the results of work and the development of fundamental and applied research as the main course in the activity of the scientific community.

The scientific complex includes all organizations that in some way work for the future and "for the benefit of their native country." The scientific complex of Russia is a whole education consisting of various areas, creating new technologies and producing new knowledge. On the territory of the Central region of our country half of all research organizations are concentrated, employs up to 70% of the number of personnel (researchers - persons with higher education, candidates and doctors of science) and up to 75% of internal costs for the implementation of scientific research.

The normal and efficient functioning of scientific branches is impossible without the constant build-up of scientific and technical potential, the progress of which depends on the volume of financing from budgets of all levels, as evidenced by world practice. The problems of science are closely related to the problems of economics. According to the director of the Institute of Economic Strategies BN Kuzyk, the knowledge economy is becoming a pivotal one in the development strategies of the leading states of the world, and for our country this is a challenge of the time.

Scientific potential of modern Russia: development of new research directions

The main task facing the "leading minds" is the development of science in Russia, the creation and rational management of program-targeted planning, which is the scientific basis for the management of the development of all systems that are part of Russia's scientific complex.

Thanks to long-term scientific and technical forecasts, as well as the results of a comprehensive monitoring of the scientific and technical potential of the country (assessment of the capabilities of individual scientific organizations to solve the problems), a special list of priority areas of scientific and innovative development was developed and mechanisms for their implementation are detailed.

The latest scientific areas include breakthrough technological areas: nano- and biotechnologies, information and communication technologies, the production of new materials, as well as the areas of the scientific and industrial complex, which allow synthesizing basic technologies and achievements in these areas. Thanks to the development of new technological structures, our country can significantly succeed at the transition to a new level of development, because the world's radical changes in the economic and social spheres are already planned by 2020-2025.

Scientific and technical complex: priority areas of activity

The scientific and technical complex relies on forecasts concerning the future development of science and technology in the interests of defense, security and effective development of industrial technologies in Russia. In its activity this complex realizes rational planning of work and well-founded management of the accumulated scientific, technical and production-technological potentials of all types of industry.

The applied tasks of the scientific and technical sphere of activity, which are now at the forefront of the difficult period of the formation of the multipolar world, are:

  • The formation of the concept of military-technical policy, scientific and socio-economic substantiation of the prospects for the global development of modern weapons (for 10-25 years);
  • Analysis of basic and critical military technologies of foreign states and the formation of a list of tasks to improve the capabilities of their own military equipment;
  • Carrying out the system design of weapons systems in the interests of ensuring their balanced development;
  • The creation of drafts of the state armament program and the formation of a state defense order corresponding to the new economic conditions for a promising period;
  • Systematic implementation in the period until 2020 of the qualitative rearmament of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other combat arms, military formations and bodies (with the support of the potential of nuclear deterrence and general-purpose forces).

Scientific and technological complex and problems of its work

The scientific and technological complex is based on knowledge-intensive technologies and is closely interrelated with the economic sector. Due to the growing demand for knowledge generation in the 21st century, the efficiency of innovations and high-precision developments paid off by the economy, the efforts of scientists and engineers are aimed at overcoming the fragmentation and isolation of the already created innovation infrastructure:

  • Practical implementation of state policy plans in the field of scientific and applied (scientific, technical and innovative) activities; Solution of problems of technological modernization of the economy sector ;
  • Achievement of outstripping growth in production of high technology products and products with a high degree of processing;
  • Development of innovation infrastructure (creation and support of innovative technological parks, technology parks, technology transfer centers and laboratory complexes);
  • The creation of integrated dual-use structures that are able to adapt to the needs of the market for both military and civilian products; Effective use of previously developed dual-use technologies and the creation of new ones.

Traditionally, the "strengths" of Russia's scientific and technological complex are nuclear and laser technologies; Significant progress has been made by our scientists in the development and application of technologies for new materials, propulsion systems. They require a significant investment of forces and means to achieve world-class micro-, nano-, radio- and optoelectronic, computer technologies, largely outdated and requires modern replacement of industrial equipment. The mentioned priority technological developments are supported by the interested parties - for the most part, of course, the state (the so-called federal target programs).

Scientific Educational Complex: Reforms and Collisions

At present, the term "scientific and educational complex" refers to the totality of organizations of higher education that are engaged in multidirectional activities: educational, research, scientific, technical and innovative. This also includes network communities of partner universities, research and educational centers, academic institutions.

The scientific and educational complex of the country is a "forge of cadres", now considered as a component of the market economy, "subject of market relations", producer and supplier of scientific, educational, innovative products, goods and services. The current economic course of the country, accordingly, requires from it a timely response and training of "narrow" specialists "of a broad profile", that is, people who are not burdened with "knowledge, skills," but possessing "competences" and being "powerful sources of innovative ideas, Technologies, projects ".

Unfortunately, the requirements put forward to the education system, as well as the processes caused by the incompetent reform process, do not cause anything but regret. The level of training of specialists (who, however, subsequently do not go to work on the specialty) is extremely low. Of course, such a state was formed not in one year, but was created systematically. Already from the school bench, unprepared applicants (but with the highest score on the USE!) Come to the university, and with such a "neglected" option it is difficult to "give out" something innovative.

What needs to be done to ensure that the country's scientific and educational personnel are well prepared? Education is an important element in building the foundation of an innovative economy. At the present stage, it is necessary to pay due attention to the preparation of really thinking, qualified specialists who understand the peculiarities of the social and economic situation of civil servants. It must be recognized that the work of "effective managers" has nothing to do with reality, that they should be changed to specialists who know the specifics of work in their field at all levels, and do it at the state level. It is also necessary to pay attention to the system of continuing education, including postgraduate and advanced training, appropriate provision of educational literature and organization of access to information sources for students at all levels.

Scientific industrial complex: priorities and prospects

The scientific industrial complex of the country as a set of economic activities of the national economy is closely related to the activities of individual production complexes, divided according to the criteria of sectoral ownership:

  • Agrarian and industrial;
  • Defense-industrial;
  • Aerospace;
  • Nuclear, fuel and energy;
  • High-tech industries of the chemical-pharmaceutical, microbiological and chemical industries; Scientific instrumentation, the production of complex medical equipment ;
  • Construction and production, machine-building complexes, and so on.

The optimal result of sustainable development is the integration of the complexes of scientific organizations and industrial enterprises using the potential of scientific and technical segmentation. Such a structure allows us to gradually shift to changing the mechanisms of scientific search and advanced engineering and technical creativity, making them as adaptable as possible to the needs of operating industrial enterprises. The clusters of scientific organizations (such as SRC "Kurchatov Institute") and industrial enterprises (atomic energy cluster), created on the basis of this type, are able to select the optimal parameters and cycles of modernization of the country's scientific and industrial complex by the criterion of innovation.

The spread of modern information and communication technologies will allow expanding the sphere of high-tech services to humanitarian fields - healthcare, education, financial sector.

Scientific research complex: high matter and terrestrial subsoil

The research complex unites organizations that conduct experimental work on obtaining new knowledge, their application and practical use when creating a new product - a product or technology.

As a rule, such organizations are called "research institute", but the complex also includes archives, various scientific and information centers, territorial experimental expeditions, branch departments, sections and services, research and production associations and laboratories, as well as observatories, botanical Gardens, veterinary stations, individual experimental samples (for example, the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor).

Scientific work, approbation, testing in these organizations take place on special equipment. For example, the research fleet of Russia as the most important component of the system of ensuring national security of the state in the study, development and use of mineral resources of the World Ocean applies for its work the relevant vessels equipped with the necessary equipment and instruments.

Reforming the Russian Academy of Sciences

The creation of the Academy of Sciences is a direct evidence of the reforming activities of Peter I and Catherine I (1725), aimed at strengthening the economic and political independence of Russia. The Emperor highly assessed the potential of scientific thought, the importance of quality education and culture for the prosperity of the state. The created Academy initially united the functions of a research and educational institution (university and gymnasium). Later - for almost three centuries - the scientific work of the Academy served to increase the country's potential. Suffice it to mention the names of such famous scientists who worked in its walls, as L. Euler, M. V. Lomonosov, S. P. Pallas, K. G. Razumovsky.

The "failures" in the activity of the Russian Academy of Sciences began at the end of the 18th century, when they began to criticize it for being too keen on theoretical developments, self-isolation, isolation from the country's pressing problems and, in general, "uselessness." And in the 1870s-80s. The Academy attracted the attention of the public due to the refusal to award academic awards to outstanding scientists I. Mechnikov, I. Sechenov and D. Mendeleyev. There were accusations of accusations of "anti-Russian" orientation of the activity of this scientific structure.

After the Revolution, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR concentrated its efforts on engineering and applied research - all the achievements of the national economy were created under its leadership. However, in the period from the 90's. The last century and to the present time the Russian Academy of Sciences is experiencing a state of permanent crisis. Its structures expand and begin to work, then they are suddenly abolished.

Since 2013, the time has come for profound reforms and reorganization of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The essence of the reform, according to DA Medvedev, is "to enable scientists to deal primarily with science and research and rid them of the unconventional functions of property management and communal services." However, the scientific community sharply condemned the mechanisms proposed by the government, because they are "imposed in a radical and destructive manner." So, reorganization is proposed, but in practice - an unreasonable unification of various structures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which will eventually result in the scientific complex of Russia as a "self-organizing" system to collapse.

In an open letter to VV Putin, academician Zh. Alferov notes the outstanding achievements that have emerged in our country thanks to the RAS: "the creation of a nuclear shield; Nuclear power and nuclear fleet; The exploration of outer space and the Northern Sea Route; Siberia and the Far East with the organization of new scientific centers; Radar and semiconductor "revolution" and many others ". Effective reform is necessary, but only with the assistance of leading scientists and transparent decision-making within the structure - this is the main idea of the protest, which was born in July 2013.

Problem areas in the life of modern Russian science and education

The main task of the scientific community is to provide full expert support to the state in priority areas. Clear problems that stand out against the backdrop of the modern development of Russia's scientific complex are:

- economic miscalculations, penetration into the management circles of unscrupulous "effective managers", corruption in the created organizations (for example, the Skolkovo Foundation);

- destructive mechanisms for reforming science and education, in particular the proposed reform of the RAS, the prospects for the destruction of the scientific potential of the RAS institutes and the country as a whole;

- corporate and administrative lobbying of scientific developments and wholesale commercialization;

- along with misuse of funds, there is a lack of funding for high-tech research.

Thus, solving the problems of science is not the business of scientists alone, but also of analysts, economists, civil servants.

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