The annual budget of Russia is expenditures and incomes. What is the Russian budget?

Execution of the state budget is a key component of managing the economy of modern Russia. This process contains many nuances. Will the government of the Russian Federation cope with the challenges of the market? How critical is the deficit budget and how to make it surplus?

What is the state budget

The term "budget" comes from the English budget ("purse"). This is a set of special estimates of the total income and expenditure of the country for a specific period of time (usually a year). When compiling the budget, the sources of monetary receipts are indicated in the treasury of the state and the structure of expenditures is formed. Who is responsible for these duties?

The budget of Russia is made up by the Government of the country and is approved by the Parliament. Based on the results of each financial year, the highest executive body reports on the execution of the state budget. Result of development of means can be different. First, it can be scarce (spending is higher than income). Secondly, the execution of the main state financial estimates can be surplus (when revenues, on the contrary, exceed expenditures). And thirdly, the budget can be balanced (revenue and spending are almost equal).

Income structure

At the core of the revenue side of the state budgets of most countries are taxes (duties, fees), currency issues and loans. The federal budget of Russia in 2012 had the following revenue structure. The largest income to the state was paid by insurance contributions (17.51% of revenues, or almost 4 trillion 102 billion rubles). The second largest item of revenue was customs duties (17.49% or about 4 trillion 100 billion rubles). Of the classified sources of budget revenue, the third place was taken by the mineral extraction tax (10.49% of revenue, or about 2 trillion 460 billion rubles). But it should be noted that, according to the government's accounts, 11.81% of the budget revenue is "other income", they own the actual third place in the profit structure.

All these figures reflect the consolidated budget of Russia. It is divided into the federal part, regional estimates and expenditure items related to the activities of public funds - pension, insurance and health insurance. As such, the federal budget of Russia in 2012 was formed primarily through customs duties. Insurance premiums went to state funds.

Structure of expenses

Budget spending of the states is connected, as a rule, with the fulfillment of social obligations, national defense, investments in infrastructure (new roads, communications, etc.), as well as debt servicing. The budget of Russia in 2012 included the following main items of expenditure. First, these are the social obligations (3 trillion 185.8 billion rubles). The second largest budget expenditure was the national economy (1 trillion 712.2 billion rubles). In third place - national security (797.6 billion rubles). Just a little behind the cost of defense (783 billion rubles). It is interesting that Russia's budget expenditures include so-called "secret articles", and in huge monetary terms - 1 trillion 841.8 billion rubles in 2012.

Budget and public debt

If the country's budget is scarce, then state loans become one of the main sources of its replenishment. They can be internal (creditors are citizens and organizations that purchase state bonds) or external, received from foreign residents. The total indicator of the country's public debt includes the amount of the principal part of the loan and interest. Experts believe that the size of the national debt should be commensurate with the key macroeconomic indicators.

Among them - the amount of debt per capita, its relation to the country's GDP and the volume of exports, as well as the state's expenses for servicing the loan. Some economists consider the ratio of national debt to gold and foreign exchange reserves to be important . Foreign creditors often assess the solvency of countries based on all these indicators.

Why the budget can be scarce

The government for the period 2014-2016 laid the budget deficit in Russia. According to some experts, this is due to the fact that the country's economy is in a transitional period, and at this stage it does not have the capacity to respond to market challenges. As a result, the government is forced to allow excess of the expenditure side of the budget over the revenue side and start the practice of borrowing.

The main problem here, according to analysts, is the inadequate development of non-primary sectors of the Russian economy, the low dynamics of introducing innovations and creating jobs in areas where there are new technologies. At the same time, experts say, the state does not raise the task related to improving the quality of social services. With all the urgency of this area of budgetary spending.

Budget Surplus Factors

Despite the fact that the budget of Russia in 2014 is planned with a deficit, the Government of the Russian Federation does not rule out that the expenditure side will still be less profitable. The main reasons for this are two - the profitable ruble exchange rate to the leading world currencies (the revenues that the Russian budget has in dollars, increase in ruble terms), as well as quite high oil prices. Among the additional factors experts call comfortable prices for export products of Russian manufacturers. Thanks to good business conditions, the budget can be adjusted in the autumn. But, as analysts say, possible changes may concern the likelihood of a transition to borrowing - as in the situation with a deficit. While in the annual budget of Russia, the government has pawned a deficit of 0.5% of GDP. It is interesting that the International Monetary Fund is optimistic: according to foreign economists, the Russian budget will be executed with a surplus of 0.3% of GDP.

According to the Russian budget

The annual budget of Russia is formed in several stages. First, the Government works with him, making calculations on income and expenses, justifying the wording and analyzing the economic situation. A complete structure of the budget of Russia is drawn up. Then the project is submitted to the State Duma for consideration. At the next stage, Duma deputies send the document to the Committee dealing with budget, tax, banking and financial policies.

There, documents provided by the Government are studied by officials, experts-economists, financiers, scientists. Then the project is shown to the President of Russia, sent to other committees of the State Duma, and, finally, gets to the Accounts Chamber, which draws a conclusion. This procedure includes checking the budget project for legitimacy, reasonableness of income and expenditure. After that, the State Duma starts the process of adopting the budget in four readings. If this stage is successful, then the approved document is submitted to the Federation Council. If the budget is adopted there, the project goes to the President of Russia for signature.

Dynamics of expenditure of the budget of Russia

Profitable and especially expenditure items of the RF budget are non-permanent. The values of the former can fluctuate due to market conditions, the quality of the work of fiscal bodies and financial institutions. The second - to be adjusted from year to year by the Government itself, depending on the goals that it considers to be priority. A vivid example is the cost of the article "national economy". If in 2009 their value was about 1 trillion 63 billion rubles, then in 2010 the figure increased by 303 billion, and a year later it grew by 336.

An example of the article of budget expenditures, the dynamics of which is ambiguous, is "national defense". In 2009, the state spent about 712 billion rubles to finance this sphere, in a year - significantly less, 678. But in 2011 there was a sharp increase in cash flows for defense - 793 billion rubles from the state budget. In 2012, the figure again fell to 783. At the same time, the total volume of the federal budget of Russia from 2009 to 2012 has been steadily growing.

Execution of the budget of Russia

After carrying out all legislative procedures, the State Budget of Russia begins to be implemented. The main tasks here, according to analysts, are to ensure timely receipt of taxes and control the quality of the transfer of funds to recipients. In the area of responsibility of the Government of the Russian Federation - the revenues and expenditures of the budget of Russia at the federal level. For the development of funds in the subjects, the regional executive bodies are responsible. Local administrations of municipalities monitor compliance with the requirements of the country's main financial document in cities, districts and districts.

It happens that the budget of Russia in a year of crisis or a recession in the world economy can be subjected to sequestration. Most often, this is due to the deterioration of the energy market conditions. The specificity of this industry is such that it is difficult to forecast the price of fuel, experts say. A budget sequestration is usually associated with a reduction in expenditure items in equal proportions (but there may also be so-called "protected" areas of financing).

Russia's budget policy for the coming years

In June 2013, in one of his Addresses, the President of our country outlined new vectors in the state budget policy. First, the head of state noted that the situation in the economy of Russia and the world forms new challenges. Secondly, Vladimir Putin made it clear that the model of economic development of the Russian Federation, based on high oil prices, has exhausted resources for further dynamic growth (as it was, for example, in 2000-2008). The volume of exports is growing slowly, the balance of trade balance in 2012 has not changed, and in relation to GDP and has declined altogether.

Vladimir Putin outlined the period of planned restructuring of the budget policy - 2014-2016. He set the task to develop options for attracting alternative sources of income, if the deficit is to be increased in an unpredictable manner. Also, the head of state noted that it is necessary to amend the laws that will establish the procedure for developing long-term, strategic forecasts for the development of the Russian economy and for building budgetary policy.