Painting is what? Techniques of painting. The development of painting

The great figure, scientist and painter of the Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci said: "Painting is poetry, which is seen, and poetry is a painting that is heard." And you can not disagree with him. True art is truly comprehensible. We see, and contemplate, and hear, and in the soul we keep the works of art we like. And the world's masterpieces remain in our memory for many years to come.

Genres and types of painting

Drawing a picture, the master performs it in a certain state, a special character. The work does not turn out to be full, worthy of love and attention, if it depicts only the form and color. The artist must impart objects to the soul, people - charisma, spark, perhaps, secret, nature - peculiar feelings, and events - real experiences. And in this creator helps genres and types of painting. They allow you to correctly convey the mood of an era, an event, a fact, better to grasp the main idea, image, landscape.

Among the main genres of fine arts can be called such as:

• Historical - the image of facts, moments of the history of different countries and eras.
• Batalny - transfers scenes of battles.
• Household - the subjects of everyday life.
• Landscape - a picture of living nature. There are sea, mountain, fantastic, lyrical, rural, urban, cosmic landscapes.
• Still life - illustrates inanimate objects: kitchen utensils, weapons, vegetables, fruits, plants, etc.
• A portrait is an image of a person, a group of people. Often artists like to write self-portraits or canvases depicting their beloved.
• Animalistic - pictures about animals.

Separately, one can distinguish another story-thematic genre and include here works that are the subject of myths, legends, epics, as well as pictures of everyday content.

Types of painting also imply a separate form of image. They help the artist to achieve perfection when creating the canvas, suggesting to him in what direction to move and work. There are the following options:

- Panorama - an image of the terrain in a large-scale format, a general view.

- Diorama - the image of battles, spectacular events curved in a semicircle.

- Miniatures - manuscripts, portraits.

- Monumental decorative painting - painting on walls, panels, plafonds, etc.

- Iconography - paintings on religious themes.

- Decorative painting - the creation of artistic scenery in the cinema and theater.

- Easel painting - in other words, paintings.

- Decorative painting of everyday objects of life.

As a rule, every master of fine arts chooses for himself one kind of genre and the kind of painting that is closest to him in spirit, and mostly works only in it. For example, Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky (Hovhannes Gayvazyan) worked in the style of the sea landscape. Such artists are also called marinists (from "marina", which in Latin means "sea").

Techniques

Painting is a certain manner of execution of a plot, its sensation through the world of paints and smears. And of course, such reproduction can not be done without using certain techniques, templates and rules. The very concept of "technique" in the visual arts can be defined as a collection of techniques, norms and practical knowledge, through which the author most accurately, close to reality, conveys the idea and the plot of the picture.

From what kind of paint, type of materials, type of canvas will be taken to create a work, depends on the choice of technique for writing a picture. Sometimes an artist can individually approach his work, use a mixture of different styles and directions. This author's approach allows you to create truly unique works of art - world masterpieces.

In technical terms, there are several variants of painting. Let us consider them in more detail.

Painting of ancient times

The history of painting begins with rock carvings of primitive man. At this time, the pictures are not distinguished by the liveliness of the stories, the riot of colors, but there was a kind of emotion in them. And the stories of those years clearly inform us about the existence of life in the distant past. The lines are extremely simple, the subjects are predictable, the directions are unambiguous.

In ancient times, the contents of the drawings become more diverse, they often depict animals, different things, make whole biographies on the whole wall, especially if pictures are created for the afterlife of the pharaohs, which was then very much believed. Approximately in another two thousand years, wall paintings begin to acquire colors.

Ancient painting, in particular, the Old Russian, is well conveyed and preserved in old icons. They are the most sacred and the best example that conveys the beauty of art from God. The color is unique, and the purpose is perfect. Such painting conveys the unreality of being, images and settles in man the thought of the divine beginning, about the existence of an ideal art, to which one must equal.

The development of painting did not pass without a trace. For a long time mankind has managed to accumulate real relics and spiritual heritage of many centuries.

Watercolor

Watercolor painting is distinguished by the brightness of colors, the purity of color and the transparency of the application on paper. Yes, it is on the paper surface that it is best to work in this technique of fine art. The pattern dries quickly and as a result acquires a lighter and matte texture.

Watercolor does not allow you to achieve interesting outflows when using dark, monochrome shades, but it perfectly models the color if layers are superimposed on each other. In this case it turns out to find completely new, unusual variants that are difficult to obtain by other artistic techniques.

Difficulties in working with watercolor

The complexity of working in a technique such as watercolor painting is that it does not forgive mistakes, does not allow improvisation with cardinal changes. If you do not like the tone applied, or if you have received the wrong color, you probably will not be able to fix it. Any attempt (water washing, scraping, mixing with other colors) can lead both to a more interesting shade, and to complete contamination of the picture.

The change in the location of the figure, the subject, any improvement in composition in this technique is essentially impossible to do. But thanks to the rapid drying of colors on paper, watercolor painting is ideal for drawing sketches. And in terms of images of plants, portraits, urban landscapes can compete with the work done with oil.

Butter

Each of the technical varieties of painting is different in its specifics. This applies to both the manner of execution and the artistic transfer of the image. Oil painting is one of the most favorite techniques of many artists. It is difficult to work in it, because it requires a certain level of knowledge and experience: from preparing the necessary items, materials to the final stage - covering the resulting picture with a protective layer of lacquer.

The whole process of writing oil is laborious enough. Regardless of the basis you choose: linen, cardboard or hardboard (fiberboard), first it must be covered with soil. It will allow you to lie down well and hold on to paint, not to emit oil from it. Also give the background the desired texture and color. There are a lot of species and recipes of various soils. And every artist prefers his own, definite, to which he is accustomed and who considers it to be the best option.

As already mentioned above, oil paints work in several stages, and the final step is to cover the painting with varnish substances. This is done in order to protect the canvas from moisture, the appearance of cracks (mesh) and other mechanical damages. Oil painting does not tolerate work on paper, but thanks to the whole technology of applying colors it allows to preserve works of art intact and intact for centuries.

The Fine Arts of China

Particular attention should be paid to the era of Chinese painting, because it has a special page in the history of fine art. The eastern direction of painting developed over more than six thousand years. Its formation was closely connected with other crafts, social changes and conditions occurring in people's lives. For example, after the introduction of Buddhism in China, religious murals became very important. In the time of the Song Dynasty (960-1127), pictures of a historical nature become popular, including the everyday life. Landscape painting has established itself as an independent direction already in the IV century AD. E. Images of nature were created in blue-green colors and Chinese ink. And in the ninth century, artists increasingly began painting paintings depicting flowers, birds, fruits, insects, fish, embodying their ideals and the character of the era.

Features of Chinese Painting

Traditional Chinese painting is distinguished by a special style, as well as the materials used for drawing, which in turn influences the methods and forms of Oriental art. Firstly, Chinese painters use a special brush to create the paintings. It is similar to watercolor and has a particularly sharp tip. Such a tool allows you to create subtle work, and, as you know, the style of calligraphy is still widely used in China. Secondly, ink is used everywhere as ink - Chinese ink (it happens that together with other colors, but also as an independent paint is also used). This has been happening for two thousand years. Also worth noting that before the appearance of paper painted in China on silk. Today, modern masters of art perform their work both on a paper basis and on the silk surface.

This is not all technical possibilities of painting. In addition to the above, there are many other (gouache, pastel, tempera, fresco, acrylic, wax, painting on glass, porcelain, etc.), including author's variants of art.

Epochs of painting

Like any kind of art, painting has its own history of becoming. And above all, it is characterized by different stages of development, multifaceted styles, interesting directions. Not the last role is played by the era of painting. Each of them affects not just a piece of people's life and not just the time of some historical events, but a whole life! Among the most famous periods in the art of painting can be identified: the Renaissance and Enlightenment, the work of Impressionist artists, modernism, surrealism and many, many others. In other words, painting is a graphic illustration of a certain era, a picture of life, a world outlook through the eyes of the artist.

The concept of "painting" literally means "writing life," portraying reality is alive, masterly, convincingly. To convey on his canvas not only every detail, every detail, moment, but also the mood, emotions, color of this or that time, style and genre of the whole work of art.