HealthMedicine

Intermediate Brain

The intermediate brain is the largest and most functionally significant part of the brainstem. It contains a huge number of nuclei, which are very important centers of the vegetative system, and also includes two endocrine glands, the epiphysis and the pituitary gland. The intermediate brain is located under the corpus callosum between the cerebral hemispheres, behind it it is limited to the visual tract and the rear perforated substance, and in front - to the visual crosshair.

Intermediate brain structure is complex, because it hosts a large number of different centers that regulate the normal functioning and proper functioning of various organs and systems. In the brain (intermediate) distinguish: epithalamus, thalamus, metatalamus, hypothalamus and third ventricle.

The thalamus (visual hillocks) is a pair formation of an oblong form. It is formed by the accumulation of gray matter in the form of nuclei (about forty), which are separated by a layer of white matter. Epithalamus is represented by the epiphysis or pineal body. The epiphysis, in appearance, resembles a fir cone and is localized over the quadruplemium of the midbrain. On the outside, it is covered with a capsule, from which the septa separating the epiphysis into the lobules go inside.

The metatalamus is represented by medial and, of course, lateral geniculate bodies, which are the centers of hearing and sight. They are located behind the pillow of the two parts of the thalamus and connect with the middle brain legs of the upper dioecious and the lower one. The hypothalamus is represented by a funnel, a visual crosshair, a gray hillock, a pituitary gland and two mastoid bodies. The pituitary gland is the central gland of the endocrine system located in the pituitary fossa of the Turkish saddle on the sphenoid bone. The hypothalamus forms the lower part of the brain of the intermediate.

All hypothalamic nuclei, which are about forty, are further divided into posterior, intermediate and anterior ones, most of them produce a neurosecret. The anterior nuclei are paraventicular and supraoptic, the posterior ones are hypothalamic and the nuclei of the mastoid body, the middle ones are the lower and upper medial hypothalamic nuclei, funnel nuclei and seroburgic ones.

The intermediate brain is also represented by the third ventricle, which is the cavity of the brain. It is communicated below with the fourth ventricle, behind and in front - through the interventricular orifice - with the first and second ventricles. As in all the rest, in the third there are vascular plexuses, which produce spinal fluid.

The functions of the intermediate brain depend on its departments:

  • Regulation of the endocrine system, since the pituitary gland and the epiphysis are located in the intermediate brain. The pituitary gland stimulates the production of the following hormones: growth, prolactin (the ability to form milk in the alveoli of the mammary glands), TTG, ACTH, follicle stimulating, luteinizing, luteotropic, melanotropin, oxytocin, vasopressin. The neurosecretory function of the epiphysis has a clear daily regime. At night, melatoxin is synthesized, which is involved in pigment metabolism, and in the afternoon - serotoxin.
  • Regulation of the vegetative system. In the hypothalamus there are subcortical centers of vegetative reflexes, such as thirst, hunger, satiety, pleasure, displeasure, thermoregulation, as well as all kinds of feelings.
  • In the lateral geniculate bodies subcortical centers of vision are located, and in the medial centers of hearing.
  • The thalamus is the center of total sensitivity, except for the olfactory.

The intermediate brain, as a rule, has many functions, if one of them is violated, irreparable consequences can occur, which inevitably lead to disability or fatal outcome.

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