Hosni Mubarak: biography and political activity

Hosni Mubarak is a military, state and political figure. From 1981 to 2011 he was president of Egypt. The displacement of Mubarak from his post was due to the revolution. Hosni had to resign and hand over the reins to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. In this article you will be presented with his biography.

Childhood

Hosni Mubarak (photo below) was born in the village of Kafr al-Musaylakh in 1928. It was located 55 kilometers from Cairo. Now there is not a single illiterate inhabitant in this village. Everybody knows how to read and write at least. Father Mubarak worked in the judicial system. In 1952 he was transferred to Cairo for the position of inspector of justice. So he worked until his own death. In total, the family had five children - one daughter and four sons.

Learning

Hosni received his primary education in his village. Then he moved to the school of Shibin al-Qum. She was a mile away from his house, and young Mubarak along with his peers had to get to it in any weather.

People who knew Hosni at the time of school education, noted his initiative, determination and skill are serious about the matter.

Most of Mubarak's schoolmates considered him responsible and obligatory. He stood out among his classmates with a good knowledge of history and Arabic. Also the young man was fond of playing hockey on the grass, he loved ping-pong and squash rackets.

Military Academy

My father wanted Hosni to go to the Pedagogical Institute after school and become a teacher. But the young Mubarak had other plans. He dreamed of a military career. Hosni's desire was so strong that his father had no choice but to agree.

At the end of 1947, he was admitted to the Military Academy. The young man finished it in a year and a half, getting the rank of lieutenant. The end of this institution was considered prestigious among the young Egyptians, who aimed to make a career in the military. But for Hosni this was only an intermediate step for admission to the Air Force Academy, which took the best graduates. Mubarak also underwent a thorough medical selection.

Instructor-instructor

In 1950, the future president of Egypt successfully graduated from the academy. On the board the best graduates of the educational institution posted his photo. Hosni Mubarak stood out among the young pilots and was an extraordinary fighter pilot. He perfectly mastered the English Spitfire.

In 1952 Mubarak was invited to the Air Force Academy as an instructor-teacher. Among the cadets he enjoyed great authority. A diverse and numerous contacts with military pilots, were very useful to Hosni in the future. After all, as a president, he invited to the responsible posts in the intelligence, administrative and public service only proven people from the Air Force.

Business trips to the USSR

In the sixties, Mubarak visited the USSR several times. In his first business trip, the future president learned to manage heavy bombers. On subsequent trips, he studied the strategy and tactics of the command of large aviation formations.

Career

With the coming to power of Anwar Sadat, Mubarak's career went uphill. In 1972, he was appointed commander of the Air Force. This was the right decision, because a year later the air attack on Israel, planned by the future president, broke the course of the war and brought Egypt victory.

Vice President and President

In early 1975, Hosni Mubarak became vice president of the country. This post he received thanks to Anwar Sadat. Three years later, Mubarak took the place of vice-chairman of the National Democratic Party. And in early 1981 he became its general secretary.

In October 1981, President Sadat was killed by Islamists. Hosni, who was with him, was wounded in the arm. From the death of Mubarak was separated only 10 centimeters. Within a week he became president and declared a state of emergency in Egypt .

After assuming the post of head of state, Mubarak began to actively fight corruption. Many relatives, and even relatives of Sadat were given to court. It was not possible to avoid this fate to some high-ranking officials.

Reelection and opposition

Hosni Mubarak was re-elected several times (in 1987, 1993 and in 1999) in referendums. And the victory was guaranteed by 100%. This is due to the fact that his candidacy nominated by the People's Assembly was the only one. Referendums were needed because of the state of emergency in the country caused by the Islamic problem.

Mubarak decided to review the policies of the previous president in relations with the opposition. He freed several hundred supporters of the opposition from prisons. Also, Hosni softened the terms of the relevant parties. Now the opposition could publish its own newspapers. On the other hand, some fundamentalist organizations were destroyed, and their members sent to execution. In particular, the President executed the participants in the murder of Anwar Sadat.

Attempts

For all of the above Hosni Mubarak was sentenced by the fundamentalists to death. This happened in 1982. According to some reports, he was assaulted for at least six times. However, only two attempts - in 1995 and 1999 - were widely discussed in the press. In the first case, the president's car was fired from automatic weapons during his visit to Ethiopia. The second time, Hosni tried to slaughter right on one of the speeches. In both cases, the president did not suffer.

Foreign and domestic policy

During the reign of Hosni Mubarak, whose biography is known to any Egyptian, became the largest leader of the state among all countries of the Middle East. Prior to his accession to the presidency, Egypt was isolated from the socialist camp, Western Europe and the Arab world, and also had a number of conflicts with several states. With the advent of Mubarak, Egypt's positions in the international arena were restored. Hosni twice elected head of the Organization of African Unity. He was able to restore diplomatic relations with all Arab states.

In 1991, the US decided to launch a military operation to liberate Kuwait, which was occupied by Iraq. Mubarak supported America and urged all Arab states to do the same. For the operation "Desert Storm", Hosni was allocated a significant part of the Egyptian military contingent.

New elections

In September 1999, Egypt held a referendum, which extended the presidential powers of Mubarak for six years. As a result, he scored almost 94% of the vote and won a confident victory.

In 2005, the Egyptian Constitution was amended. Now each party had the right to nominate its candidates for the presidency. In September 2005, elections were held under the new scheme. As expected, they won by Hosni Mubarak, whose biography is presented in this article. However, many doubted the legitimacy of these elections, as many violations were recorded on them.

Return to the Arab League

Egypt is the only country that was deprived of membership in the League of Arab States. This happened in 1979, when a peace treaty was concluded with Israel. Ten years later Hosni achieved the restoration of the membership of his state in the Arab League. Now Egypt is considered one of the most authoritative members of the League.

Economic policy

The economy also has a number of indicators, which Hosni Mubarak has increased. Egypt has significantly increased the volume of foreign tourism. Also significantly increased GDP. But at the same time, the external debt of the state has increased substantially.

It is impossible not to note the index of human potential development. In the list of 169 countries Egypt is on 101 place. This position is due to a number of social problems, as well as high unemployment and corruption.

Everything changed with the arrival of the new head of the Cabinet of Ministers, Ahmed Nazif. In 2004/05, the stock exchange of the country showed a significant percentage growth in comparison with the markets of other developing countries. On the other hand, the president was criticized for placing not the workers' rights on the first place, but privatization and large capital.

Resignation

On February 10, 2011, Omar Suleiman was given a number of presidential powers, which was handed to him by Hosni Mubarak. The resignation of the head of Egypt was predictable, as the popular unrest reached the limit. This event happened exactly every other day. The president went to Sharm el-Sheikh and completely resigned from the head of the country, endowing the Supreme Council of Armed Forces with power.

After resignation

After Hosni Mubarak resigned, he was detained with his family under house arrest. All of them were on the Red Sea in the residence. There, the family of the former president had to move after the violent protests in Cairo.

State of health and court

But this was only the beginning of the problems that Hosni Mubarak had to solve. Resignation and subsequent stresses undermined his health. During the interrogation in April 2011, the ex-president got a heart attack. He was immediately hospitalized at the Sharm el-Sheikh clinic.

Mubarak's lawyer Fred ad-Diba told the media that Hosni had carried out an operation in Germany in 2010. The former president was removed a polyp on the duodenum and a gallbladder. And in mid-2011, Mubarak was diagnosed with stomach cancer. In this connection, ad-Diba sent an appeal to the Prosecutor General asking him to admit the German surgeon to the ex-president for a full survey. The appeal was forwarded to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces of Egypt. But there was no answer.

The court was appointed in early August 2011. The process was supposed to be Hosni himself and his sons. In the courtroom of the seriously ill Mubarak, they were brought to a special modular cot and put in a cage. He had to give testimony lying. Neither the ex-president himself, nor his sons, pleaded guilty.

A family

It is for certain that the first love of Hosni Mubarak was unknown. Since 1978, the ex-president is married to Suzanne Sabet, originally from Wales. According to rumors, Hosni's wife was actively engaged in politics. And the opposition organizations believed that she generally runs the country instead of her husband. Mubarak completely denied the wife's interference in public affairs.

Hosni has two sons. Senior - Jamal owns a fortune of 10 to 17 billion dollars. He took an active part in the political life of the country, holding an important post in the National Democratic Party. After graduation, Jamal worked in the Egyptian branch of the Bank of America, and in 1996 opened his company - Medinvest Associates. Then he moved to London, where he settled down in the elite area of Knightsbridge, buying there a five-story Georgian mansion.

Younger son - Gamal was a banker. Like his brother, he held prominent posts in the National Democratic Party. Gamal was a new generation of neo-liberals. The popularity of the young man grew rapidly and many predicted his presidential chair. But Gamal himself and his father publicly rejected this version. But even if such plans existed, Mubarak's resignation destroyed them.

Hosny has two grandchildren. Unfortunately, one of them (12-year-old Mohammed) died in May 2009. The cause of death was not advertised. In the official message, it was said only about the sharp deterioration of the boy's health. The media wrote that the deceased grandson of Hosni Mubarak was poisoned by food. First he was taken with acute food poisoning to the Cairo hospital. Then they decided to take Muhammad to France, but the doctors were powerless.

condition

The state of the Mubarak family is estimated at $ 70 billion. Hosni owns real estate in Dubai, Germany, Spain, France, Los Angeles, New York and London, as well as a number of large accounts in Swiss and British banks. For 30 years of his rule Mubarak was engaged in the largest investment deals, which brought him billions in profits. According to Christopher Davidson (a professor at the University of Durham), Hosni sponsored many projects and received income from them, thereby using public resources for personal purposes.

Nowadays

Mubarak together with his sons were arrested after the verdict in 2011. They were charged with insider trading and corruption. They were also found guilty of embezzling $ 14 million. The final prison term was four years. But the lawyer of the Mubarak family sent the case for revision.

As a result, in 2013, the sons of Hosni managed to remove the allegations of corruption associated with the sale of land. The court on the charges of Gamal and Jamal in insider trading has not yet taken place. And their father was fully acquitted, and he was released.

At the moment, Hosni Mubarak is alive and is in a suburb of Cairo in a military hospital. It is still unknown when the former president of Egypt will be able to leave it.

Awards

"Necklace of the Nile", "Star of Sinai", "Star of Honor" - these are just some of the awards that Hosni Mubarak received during the years of his presidency (how many rules the head of Egypt mentioned above). Most orders he received in military service. Also, the ex-president has awards from other states.

• In 2007, Hosni installed a monument in the city of Khirdalan (Azerbaijan). But in mid-2011, on the orders of the Executive, it was demolished.
• Mubarak is an honorary doctor of MGIMO.
• The winner of the award is Nuru Jawaharlal.

Interesting Facts

• Earlier he occasionally attended military events, wearing a military suit. In recent years he wore only civilian clothes.
• The capital of Hosni Mubarak is estimated at 70 billion dollars. The prevailing part of this money is in Western banks. Who now disposes of them is unknown. This amount is twice the external debt of Egypt.