Geodesy is .. Geodetic work. Geodesy in construction

Exact sciences even before their "official" appearance played a huge role in human life. So, without primitive geometry, it was impossible to build a more or less complicated house, and even without such an easy mathematics, it was very problematic. In addition, the class includes geodesy (although it represents natural sciences). This is not surprising, because the marking of the land man began to deal with the oldest days.

Scientific definition

By the way, how can you decipher the name of this scientific discipline? The term "geodesy" itself is a conglomeration of two Greek words. The first of them is ge, which means earth, and the second is dazomai, as it is easy to guess, means "to share, divide". If you try to translate the name completely verbatim, then you get a "land division". In principle, at the time of the original birth and development of geodesy, such a translation fully corresponded to the truth.

Thus, Egyptians for many centuries before our era have already conducted complex geodetic measurements, building their famous pyramids and irrigation canals.

Development of science

But geodesy is a more complex science, which is directly related to its development under the influence of the surrounding world. The fact is that human civilization grew and developed, it needed more and more accurate ways of measuring the earth. And the tasks themselves, which put life before the geodesy, became increasingly complex and significant.

Definition of the term in the modern world

So how is the term "geodesy" understood today? This is a science that studies the methods of surveying, determining the size and shape of terrain. It is the scientists-geodesists who are engaged in the development of new ways of applying entire continents to the map.

In addition, geodesy teaches us various ways of measuring space not only on the surface of our planet, but also under water, above the earth and even in outer space and on other planets. In a word, this is a very diverse scientific branch.

The well-known scientist Witkowski gave this definition: "It must be said that this is one of the most useful branches of knowledge, for all our existence is limited to the expanses of the Earth, to study the structure and structure of which we need in the same degree that a person learns something new About the house where he lives. "

Main goals

Note that the tasks of geodesy are extremely diverse, as this science is constantly evolving, new terms are added to it. In addition, at present there is a complete computerization of many branches of knowledge, which could not but affect the development of the geodesy itself. Simply put, its tasks are divided into two large groups. The first is fundamental. These include the following works:

• Determination of the size, configuration and extent of the Earth's gravitational field. In this case, the management angle is extremely important. In geodesy, this is the definition of a landmark from space (a very simplified definition).
• The distribution of a single system of coordinates on the territory of a state, continent or planet in general.
• Images of land on various topographic plans, maps and atlases.
• In addition, surveyors are engaged in the study of large-scale displacements of the earth's crust.

Works of applied nature

Thus, the second group of tasks now includes the following types of work:

• Extremely important is the process of creating and implementing GIS, that is, geoinformation systems.
• This includes the creation and registration of various types of cadastral plans: land, water, etc.
• Geodetic and topographical support of the state as a whole.
• Demarcation of the state border, participation in solving disputes, where geodesy is required. Cards drawn up by competent experts can prove to be the decisive argument in many disputes.
• Creation and widespread dissemination of generally accepted standards in the digital mapping industry.
• Accordingly, this includes the development of the electronic maps of the locality, as well as filling them with all the necessary data.
• It is on the surveyors that work is done on the developments of technologies in the field of satellite determination of coordinates and their exact binding to the real terrain.
• Finally, the creation of complex geodesic atlases of Russia and other states.

Division by industry

Since geodesy has now become extremely complicated, it was decided to divide it into several independent sciences, which sometimes study completely different fields of knowledge. Let's enumerate them in more detail and give a brief description of each:

• Higher geodesy. This is the basis of the basics Within the framework of this science, the size, shape, structure of the Earth, its coordinates in outer space and characteristics of its gravitational field are studied . It is this industry that deals with the imposition of a coordinate system on the state, the continent or the entire surface of the planet. In addition, scientists in this field study the shifts of the earth's crust from ancient times to the present, and also learn about the characteristics of the gravitational field of various celestial bodies: from stars to large asteroids. The sector also studies coordinate systems in geodesy.
• Topography. Again, the term is created from two Greek words: "topos" - a place, "grapho" - to write, write down. If you translate literally, you get "study, description of the terrain." Accordingly, this industry creates new methods and techniques for drawing the outlines of the earth's surface on plans, atlases and maps.
• Cartography. Closely correlated with the previous science. He studies the ways of creating and using all the same maps, atlases and topographic plans.
• Photogrammetry. As one can understand from the title, this science is studying methods of creating geodetic documents (described above) by photographic survey of the Earth's surface from an airplane or a helicopter (or satellite).
• Engineering (geodesy in construction). The most popular industry at the moment, as its experts carry out geodetic surveys before the construction of any engineering structures on the ground.
• Mine survey (underground geodesy). The area of miners, as new methods of measuring underground workings and mines are being studied and are being created.

Of course, in most cases, the boundaries between all these sciences are very, very blurry. For example, topography is associated with both cartography and higher geodesy, and the engineering industry can not develop at all without studying the materials of all related sciences.

Who needs the practical results of this science in everyday life?

If you read all of the above, you have already convinced yourself how diverse the tasks that the surveyors have to solve every day. They need to constantly fulfill a lot of requirements of both state-owned and private companies, since the same geodesy in construction today is used everywhere, and the approach to it is very strict.

Even when solving issues on the state scale, scientists sometimes take several years to conduct detailed research, the results of which often put an end to historical claims on certain territories. Of course, the coordinate systems in the geodesy are especially important in this case, since it is on their basis that a binding to the current terrain is made.

On the "militaristic" component

Actually, all geodetic documents are needed for all categories of persons who regularly travel by land and water over long distances of service or work over long distances: sailors and geologists, geographers, designers, builders and military.

Especially maps and other similar documents are needed just the same for the army: this is the construction of powerful engineering fortifications, and shooting at ultra-long distances, and the launch of rocket technology without these data is impossible. Finally, it is impossible to imagine the planning of military operations without accurate maps and terrain plans. So all the military have to know at least the basics of geodesy.

Other Earth Sciences

It should be specially noted that this doctrine can not be imagined in isolation from other sciences that are engaged in the study of our planet. So, physics, geology and geophysics are especially important, which can explain especially complex and important processes occurring both on the surface of our planet and under it. Without oceanography, it is impossible to study the principles of motion of sections of the earth's crust. Even botany - and that can be extremely useful.

It's amazing how many-sided geodesy can be! The work of specialists also requires a deep knowledge of mathematics and geometry, without which it would be impossible to carry out even primitive calculations. But geodesy is in the lead among all these sectors, as it allows you to track the stages of the development of our entire planet and the formation of its current appearance, taking into account not only natural, but also artificial forms of relief.

Relationship with other branches of scientific knowledge

In addition, this science is constantly evolving, absorbing the knowledge that gives the person other branches. For example, physicists invented a laser. Over time, this led to the development and creation of valuable instruments, without which it is difficult to imagine a modern surveyor: laser levels and light meters.

As for the same ultra-precise measurements of the motion of tectonic plates, they would be physically impossible to fulfill, if not for the rapid development of electronics and production.

Finally, the rapid development of information technology and programming gave such opportunities to geodesy that we had only dreamed of before: you can create complex computer models that clearly show the development of the shape of the planet for centuries. In this case, the geodesic engineer may feel like a historian!

Toughening the requirements for modern geodesy

The construction of huge unique engineering structures requires specialists to a degree of accuracy that was not previously used even in mathematical calculations. For example, when constructing the Large Hadron Collider, specialists had to take into account the displacement by one-hundredths of a millimeter with the length of some structures far beyond a kilometer!

In addition, it depends on the results of the work of surveyors that people will live in some regions of the Earth, which are considered potentially seismic.

Main types of work

After reading all this, there will most likely be a question about what geodetic work is necessary to get all these valuable information. Oh, there are a lot of them, but we will describe the most common and constantly implemented. Here is their short list:

• Geodetic work. In this case, specialists are engaged in the construction of a layout scheme linked to the terrain, as well as other operations that help to link to the terrain of any stages of construction work: from digging foundation pits and ending with the commissioning of the facility.
• Executive shootings. As a building or other engineering structure is being erected, a special work package is required. All parts of the structure are subject to mandatory and permanent surveying, on which the stability and strength characteristics of the entire structure depend. The accuracy that is required in this case, in no case should be lower than that required for marking the terrain before the construction.
• Engineering and geodetic research. In this case, the geodesic engineer must carry out a whole range of works aimed at preliminary study of the terrain in the area where it is planned to begin the erection of engineering structures. It includes not only the construction of the terrain model, but also the synchronization of the terrain and the external appearance of the building to be erected.
• Creation of geodetic networks. Reconstruction, creation of a network, and also planning, development of new methods of work in this sphere.

As you can see, geodetic works are not only very diverse, but also extremely important at all stages of construction.