Garden ring, Moscow: history and photo

It is believed that the history of the Garden Ring of Moscow begins with the XIX century. Then the ditch, excavated around the old city, was filled up, and the Earth wall was razed. At this place began to appear at home with gardens and front gardens, streets were formed, which were located in the circle of the capital.

Earth city

In 1591, by the order of Boris Godunov earthworks began around Moscow. Within a year a shaft was piled up, and above it an oak wall was erected, rising about 5 meters. There were about a hundred deaf people and 34 exit towers. In addition, along the shaft from the outside, a ditch was dug, which was subsequently filled with water. The need for such a fortification around the city arose after Moscow was subjected to a devastating raid by the troops of Khan Kazi-Giray.

Residents of the city dubbed this building Skorodomom, the official name - Earth Town. Also, the territory between the White City and the rampart and the Moskva River began to be called. Here lived small traders, artisans and peasants. But Zamoskvorechye was populated mainly by archers. That is why this place was also called Streletskaya Sloboda.

In the Time of Troubles (1598-1613) oak walls together with the towers were burned, but the ditch remained. Later on it was put a palisade of sharpened at the top of thick logs.

The Second Life of the Earth Shaft

At the end of the XVII century, this fortification structure lost its original purpose. He was turned into a kind of customs borderline of the city. From different directions before the entrances to Moscow, markets arose. The most famous of them were Smolensky and Sukharevsky.

At the end of the XVIII century, the shaft, and with it the jail, partially collapsed, and in their place the roads and whole squares were formed. In 1812, all the buildings that were on either side of its walls were destroyed by fire.

Formation

In 1816, it was decided to demolish the remains of the Earth Wall, and the crumbling and dying bottom was buried. The Commission for the Construction of Moscow on this site planned the creation of a wide circular street paved with cobblestones. Under the sidewalks and the pavement 25 m were taken from the entire distance between the two lines of houses, which then reached 60 m. In the remaining space, the owners had to break the front gardens at their discretion. So began to form the Garden Ring (Moscow).

Already by 1830 this project was practically realized. Without the front gardens, there were only a few plots located in Zamoskvorechye and the square. Smolensky and Zubovsky shafts turned into boulevards, and Novinsky - in a place intended for folk festivals, so he remained until 1877.

The Garden Ring (Moscow) was gradually developing. In the seventies of the XIX century, there were laid ways for trams, moving with the help of horse traction. This type of transport was called a horse. In 1912 it was replaced by a more modern one. It was already electric trams. The route they walked on was officially called "B", and the people dubbed it "bug".

The beginning of the 20th century

At the beginning of the century, the Garden Ring (Moscow) began to be intensively built up. Where there were still low-rise buildings, not only administrative and commercial, but also multi-storey residential buildings appeared.

As you know, the beginning of this century was not calm. In 1905, during the revolution, fierce battles were fought in the squares and streets that make up the Garden Ring. Its western part was especially densely strewn with barricades, which were designed to protect the working areas. The bloodiest battles between government troops and revolutionary detachments took place on Kudrinskaya, Krymsky and Zubovsky squares.

After the victory of the October Revolution of 1917 in the previously erected apartment houses, which were requisitioned from their owners, the workers settled themselves. In addition, new public and residential buildings were being built, and Smolensk and Sukharevsky markets were soon closed.

Further conversions

In the 30 years began to implement the plan for the reconstruction of the capital, during which the Garden Ring was closed. Moscow and its appearance gradually changed. Cobblestone pavement was flooded with asphalt. Also significantly widened the roadway by demolishing the front gardens, and the trams running along the route "B" were replaced with new trolley buses. But still the traffic in full was organized only in 1963. Two bridges were built across the Moskva River: Krasnokholmsky and Krymsky.

When the Great Patriotic War began, the Garden Ring was fortified in places by protective structures. And in the middle of the summer of 1944, after the defeat of the Soviet Army by the German fascist troops in Byelorussia, they carried out a huge system of captured prisoners of war.

After the war, the grandiose reconstruction of the capital continued. The number of such objects to be transformed included the Garden Ring. Moscow, a photo of which has survived from those times, gradually acquired a more modern look. Since 1948 and for the next 6 years in the area of the Garden Ring, three of the seven most famous Stalinist skyscrapers were erected.

In the 1950s, the Ring Line of the metro was laid, the southern part of which passed from the station "Park Kultury" to "Kurskaya" under it. In the next decade, the Garden Ring continued to be reconstructed. Some of its streets were even more expanded and turned into modern avenues with underground passages, overpasses, junctions and tunnels. In the mid-1990s, it was forbidden to travel by heavy trucks.

Value

This is one of the most important road interchange in the city. The length of the Garden Ring in Moscow - the circular transport highway surrounding the central part of the capital, is 15.6 km with a width of 60-70 m. It is the inner of the three existing motorway ruts, besides the oldest one. Garden ring is extremely busy, so here often formed many kilometers of traffic jams. However, even so, it still performs its functions with dignity.

Areas

The Garden Ring includes 18 squares: Triumfalnaya, Samotechnaya, Malaya and Bolshaya Sukharevskie, Lermontovskaya, Krasnye Vorota, Zemlyanoi Val, Caesar Kunikov, Kursk railway station, Taganskaya, Paveletskaya, Serpuhovskaya, Kaluga, Krymskaya, Zubovskaya, Smolenskaya-Sennaya, Smolenskaya and Kudrinskaya . Some of them are large, others are less significant and are not well known even to Muscovites.

Usually the story of the Garden Ring begins with Triumfalnaya Square. And this is not accidental. Once the central Triumphal Gate of Moscow was the present Triumph Square, which was given the name in 1992. Previously, it was named after VV Mayakovsky.

First, at this place, near the Tverskie Gate, a fairly large settlement of the Earth Town appeared. By the 17th century, the square had become a market square, and then the first Triumphal Arch built of wood appeared on it. Gradually this area was built up by houses, and where the "Aquarium" garden is located, the pond and vegetable gardens belonging to the Novodevichy Monastery were located earlier.

The square was modernized in the 1930s, when the square was cut down and the territory was asphalted. After the monument to V. Mayakovsky was erected here, it turned into a popular place for conducting various poetry readings.

The most "inconspicuous" are the Crimean and Caesar Kunikova squares. The second of them is named in honor of the hero of the Soviet Union, who participated in the Second World War. In this square there is not a single house, since they all belong to the nearest streets. About the same Kunikov reminds only a memorial tablet.

Streets

In addition to the areas, the Garden Ring includes many streets. The longest of them is the Earth Shaft. Its length is more than 2000 m. In 1938 it was renamed into Chkalovskaya, since there used to be the famous Soviet pilot VT Chkalov. The old name of the street was returned only in 1990. In addition, it is associated with many famous names of people who lived and worked here at different times. For example, writer S. Ya. Marshak, aircraft designer VM Petlyakov, academician AD Sakharov, artist KF Yuon and many others.

Like the square, all the streets of the Garden Ring (Moscow) have their own history. And this is not surprising, since the capital has a centuries-old history. Sadovaya-Karetnaya Street is considered to be the shortest, therefore its length is only 406 m. It appeared in the beginning of the XIX century. Its double name is associated with once growing gardens and a nearby street called the Karetny Ryad. Almost all the old buildings were demolished in the 70s of the last century.

Where to stay

Almost every tour of the capital in one way or another affects the Garden Ring. And here there is something to look at. By the way, the hotel "Garden Ring" (Moscow) provides its services to tourists. Its building is located at the intersection of the same transport highway and Mira Avenue, which is in the business center of the city. Not far from it are the Red Square, the sports complex "Olympic", the Botanical Garden and the Institute. N. V. Sklifosovsky. "Garden Ring" - hotel (Moscow), which is ideal for both tourists and business people.