Foundation tape monolithic reinforced concrete: design, marking and stages of construction

The foundation tape monolithic reinforced concrete stands today as the most common solution for the construction of private houses. For many decades of operation it has proved itself well, because it is quite simple in arrangement, does not require the use of special equipment and particularly complex devices.

Technology

In order for the structure to be strong and reliable, it is necessary to observe the technology. It provides for the creation of a foundation project, excavation of trenches, installation of formwork, laying of reinforcement and work on waterproofing. In general, the strip foundation is a monolithic strip of concrete mortar, on which the bearing walls of the house are erected. Such a basis is relevant if it is proposed to build a private house from materials with an impressive mass, among which it should be noted:

• Slag blocks;
• brick;
• concrete;
• a rock.

The project of the basement can be created for buildings, in general terms there is a basement, a ground floor or an underground garage. You can use this kind of base also in case the house will have an attic or heavy overlap. Usually this type of construction is chosen for regions where the ground is predominantly inhomogeneous. In general, the tape base is suitable for almost all types of soil, except for peatlands and subsidence grounds.

Varieties of monolithic tape foundations

Tape monolithic reinforced concrete foundation is presented in several varieties, which can be classified according to several factors, among them the depth of the deposit. For massive buildings of heavy building materials, a buried foundation is used, which is located at a depth ranging from 250 to 300 mm.

To lay such a foundation is necessary below the freezing level of the soil. Another type of ribbon foundation is a shallow design, which is suitable for framed light structures. The depth in this case can be equal to the limit from 550 to 600 mm.

Preparation of materials

Tape monolithic reinforced concrete foundation is built after the preparation of some tools and materials. Among the latter it should be noted:

• Ruberoid;
• Steel wire;
• Armature;
• Self-tapping screws or nails;
• Rubble and sand;
• concrete.

Monolithic reinforced concrete strip foundation can be filled with self-prepared concrete. It will require cement grade M-400 or higher. It is necessary to prepare for the solution also medium-fraction crushed stone, sand, and gravel.

Drafting of the project

The design of the foundation can be conducted on the basis of data that dictate the depth of bedding, depending on the ground. For example, in the case of rocky soil, the depth is 200 mm, while the load on the ground will be 20 kN / m ² . These indicators are true for economic buildings, baths and sheds. The load will increase to 30 kN / m ² , while the depth of the embankment will be 300 mm, if it is a one-story country house with an attic. The parameters will be 50 kN / m ² and 500 mm, respectively, if you plan to build a two-storey cottage.

The three-story mansion will have a foundation, deepened by 650 mm, while the load will be 70 kN / m ² . If it is a territory where loam or dense clay predominate, then the depth of the pile for the economic construction will be 300 mm. One-storey holiday house or a two-storey cottage is buried in the basement area at 350 mm and 600 mm, respectively. Three-story mansion will have a foundation, buried at 850 mm.

While carrying out the design of the foundation, you may encounter a case when there is soft sand or cinder. In the first case, the depth of the foundation of the farm building will be 450 mm, in the second - 400 mm. If it is planned to build a one-story country house, then on soft sand its base should be sloughed by 650 mm. The muddy soil in the case of a shed or a bath requires a base, which is deepened by 650 mm. Peatlands require a different type of foundation.

Calculation of the load on the foundation

Load on the foundation is calculated by several parameters. To do this, you need to know the area of the walls, calculated by multiplying the height of the building on the perimeter of the house. The volume of walls is calculated by multiplying the area by the thickness. It is important to determine also the weight of the walls, multiplying the specific weight of the material by the volume.

Determine the area of the sides of the foundation can be done by multiplying the perimeter by the thickness. The specific load on the foundation will be equal to the figure, which will be obtained by dividing the weight of the walls by the area of all sides of the foundation.

Landmarking

By arranging the ribbon foundation for the house, at the first stage you must make a markup. The area before this is cleared of debris and foreign objects, the top fertile layer of soil is removed from the surface, the thickness of which is equal to the limit from 120 to 150 mm.

If you do not take care of the elimination of organic residues, this can cause the emergence of biological decomposition processes, which are undesirable for basements. On the site, it is necessary to mark the corners using pegs. The smoothness of their installation should be clarified by checking the diagonals. Pegs can be rearranged if necessary. Between them stretches a strong cord, through which you can control the angles and determine the direction of the basement.

Before you begin to build a ribbon foundation for the house, you can use the prepared wooden parts in the form of rectangles to indicate the corners. One of them is installed at the desired point and fixed. On it it is necessary to adhere two cords, having taken as a basis the distance of width of a trench for the basis. Pull the cords to the next place where the second corner will be located. The extended cords are attached to this element. This will allow the marking of 4 corners.

If the load-bearing walls will be located also inside the building, it is important to perform their markup using the same technology. Once all the corners are exposed, you should check the diagonals of the square or rectangle. They should be equal, this will indicate that the corners are set correctly. Before making a foundation, it is important to mark out the territory. In the course of the cord, it is possible to make a powder with dry lime, it will allow you to understand the direction of the tape and identify errors. Once the layout of the inner walls and the contour is completed, you need to place the foundation under the terrace, veranda or porch.

Trench preparation

If you are wondering how to make a foundation, you should dig a trench along the marked lines, digging into the soil according to the design parameters. Begin digging of the excavation follows from the bottom corner of the basement, this will ensure a different depth of the trench over the entire length.

Walls when digging out the soil should be tried to make it vertical and even. When the soil is shed, temporary supports are installed in the weak spots. When working on a trench, periodic measurements of slope and depth should be made. If the foundation should be located on a slope, the bottom of the trench must have a uniform depth along the perimeter. Sometimes in the house there is a fireplace, stove or other brick construction. It is important at this stage to take care of the foundation for such structures.

Preparation of the bottom

The construction of the foundation of the house necessarily involves the preparation of the bottom. He pours a pillow of sand, the thickness of which will be a limit of 150 to 200 mm. Sand should be compacted. Such training will allow to redistribute loads from the mass of the building to the finished foundation. This technique is especially important if the construction is carried out on unstable soils.

Backfill is best done in three steps, the thickness of each layer should be 50 mm. The sand is well compacted and wetted with water. The roofing is covered with a ruberoid, which will protect it from erosion and prevent the cement milk from soaking into the pit. The ruberoid also acts as a waterproofing of the underground part of the basement. The material should be brought to the walls of the trench by approximately 150 mm.

Installation of formwork

In the trench, a formwork should be installed from the planks, which are dismantled after the concrete has hardened. This part of the foundation can be made non-removable, further insulating the base. If you plan to use boards for these purposes, then you need to knock down shields and install them vertically on the bottom. Above the ground, the formwork must be raised to the height to which the base part is to be raised, usually this parameter is equal to the limit from 350 to 400 mm.

Shields with each other should be fastened with cross-bars, whereas on the outer sides they must be supported by blocks. To ensure that the board walls do not disperse when pouring concrete, they are twisted with steel wire. Sometimes the foundation has openings for the laying of communications, in which case the pieces of pipe should be installed as spacers between shields. When installing a wooden structure, it is important to periodically check the evenness with the help of a building level, otherwise the foundation will be crooked and will require alignment after the concrete has hardened. The finished formwork is covered with ruberoid and dense polyethylene, which will protect the surface of the boards. Fix the film on the end faces of the shields.

After installing the reinforcement grid, which should be located some distance from the bottom, you should proceed to pouring. To remove air bubbles from the solution, you can use a vibrator, the surface of the future design is leveled at the final stage and left until the time of drying. Periodically, the foundation must be wetted.

Conclusion

If you do not want to build yourself, it's important to know what the price per meter of the foundation of a monolithic reinforced concrete strip is. To pay the consumer it is necessary 4700 rbl. For the aforementioned scope of work.