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Ancient architecture. Blade in the architecture of Ancient Russia

Speaking about the history of world architecture, one can not pass by the works of ancient Greek masters, who for centuries served as a source of inspiration to later authors. An example of ancient architecture is rightly considered the temples of Ancient Greece.

The architecture of ancient Greece: the beginning of the beginning

The structures of those times looked quite simple. They were one-storey buildings of a clear rectangular shape. Anticipating entrance of the facade was decorated with a colonnade. Usually the columns were arranged in one row, which had a width equal to the dimensions of the facade.

The buildings that had a colonnade on both sides and a flat wall protrusion, modern architects refer to amphiprostil. In Greek, the prefix "amphi" means "two-sided".

The Age of Antiquity: Peripter, Dipter and Pseudodipter

If we turn to the era of archaism and the ancient Greek classics, it can be seen that the main type of buildings of ancient architects was the peripter. This structure also had a rectangular shape, but a number of columns were girdled no longer with one or even with two sides, but with all four. Later this method was adopted by the world's leading architects.

What will happen if the peripter is surrounded not by a single colonnade but by a double row? Get a dip! Rectangular building, on all sides of which stretches two rows of columns. Even more interesting are the cases with the pseudodipter.

So, if you build a dipter, but instead of having two rows of columns assigned to it, only one will be installed, then a typical pseudodipter will appear.

Down with stereotypes! Monopter

Put rectangular shapes? Get rid of them! This is exactly what the ancient Greek architects did, creating a rounded structure and calling it a monopole.

In addition to its most unusual form, interest is also in the way the roof is constructed. It does not rest on the walls of the building, but on columns that extend along its entire circumference.

It is worth changing the flat roof, remotely resembling that of a Vietnamese hat , to a puffy dome - just like the rotunda before you.

Architecture of ancient Russia

A typical representative of Christian architecture is a Christian temple, the construction of which ends with a dome, crowned with a cross. On his example, students of architectural universities are studying what burden the blade in architecture carries. In addition to it, they study all kinds of portals and apses. And also drums, which can be both deaf and light, a zakomar, an apse, an apple, a porch, tents and belfries.

Orthodox churches

What is a drum? This is nothing but the base of the dome, which has a cylindrical or polyhedral shape. There are drums in the structures erected during the XVI-XVII centuries. In the light drum there are slits of windows, but in the deaf they are not.

The blade in architecture is a flat protrusion in the form of a straight strip having a vertical direction. It can be a functional building element, and can only perform a decorative role. More often than not, it serves as a means of dividing the general ensemble of the facade of an Orthodox church or church.

Decorative elements of temple architecture

Other decor elements are pilasters. They are easily confused with the shoulder blade. They also look like a vertical ledge that extends downwards along the entire wall of the building. However, it has a number of differences. First, the pilasters repeat the ornament of the trunk. Secondly, they have identical strokes as the capital. But the spatula in architecture is presented separately. Its appearance is much simpler and laconic.

The gap that separates one pilaster from another is called a spine. Spinning is represented not only in the church architecture of Orthodox Russia, but also in the guise of fortresses. In the latter case, they separate one of the fortress towers from the other, in fact being a full-fledged segment of the wall. A typical spatula in the architecture of the Orthodox world from other objects of the temple is also separated by strings.

Traditionally, various arches are of great interest. In addition to standard rounded openings, there are also so-called creeping arches in architecture.

Their supports have different heights. Most often, such arches are used for arranging passages and tunnels under staircases and steps.

The most common decorative elements of architecture are architraves, cornices, friezes. All these are elements of entablature.

Who are these machines?

Many architectural terms, found in the descriptions of Orthodox churches and buildings of Russia, are full of foreign names. For example, machiculi. For such an unusual name are hidden ordinary loopholes - narrow holes on the walls.

Most often they are on the upper tier of walls. Later, having lost their original status and military purpose, they managed to preserve exclusively the decorative component. Today machiculi - just an intricate decoration of facades and fences.

The set columns are architectural elements of a rectangular building. Their composition is a lot of strange carved components. The highest popularity was enjoyed during the period of the pattern, as well as in later periods of Old Russian architecture. The curb is a convex masonry made of bricks, which is at an angle.

Mediterranean motifs

Some churches have a very unusual shape. In their ensemble used a variety of props. Do not be surprised, the props are also independent architectural terms, by which many variants of walls are understood. One of them is a buttress, which is responsible for giving the outer walls of the structure more stability, solidity and solidity.

Decorate the walls of Orthodox churches with shells. Most often all together they form a single ornament, the elements of which have a pronounced stylization and are associated with shells of mollusks. In Russia, shells were supplemented by kokoshniki. Their appearance in Russian architecture is attributed to the period of the Naryshkin Baroque.

Classics of the genre

Cherub is a classic type of decoration for church buildings. Most often it is the face of an infant. Happens as with feathered wings, and without them. Cherubim decorated buildings built in the Baroque era. Very unusual and fresh look kubyshatye columns. In fact, these are ordinary supports, which gradually expand in their central part, and then again go to constriction.

Concluding the review of the temple architecture at once two eras, it is worth mentioning such popular in Russia runners. They have a triangular shape and are laid out of bricks.

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