Extremism. Counteraction to extremism. Terrorism and extremism: causes, prevention, responsibility

If one speaks of the adherence of certain organizations, groups and individuals to extreme measures, attitudes, views on social activity, more often than not these phenomena are nothing but extremism. Counteraction to extremism is spelled out in the relevant articles of Russian legislation. This phenomenon spreads in the spheres of social consciousness and psychology, ideology, morality, and also in the relations between individual social groups and ethnoses. Identified and such types as political and religious extremism, when inadequate rules of the relationship are traced between parties and associations or between states and faiths.

The manifestations and consequences of extremism

Such practice in its political aspect is expressed by various forms of activity that are beyond the scope of the Constitution and even without violation of its laws. All the same, these manifestations are extremism. Counteraction to extremism depends on the degree of danger to society. Actions within the constitutional limits can give rise to such acute phenomena as terrorism, insurgency rebellion, rebellion. The first option is a kind of extremism and a criminal phenomenon of socio-political persuasion. Usually, terrorism and extremism are caused by external and internal contradictions in the development of the society of individual countries.

They pose a real threat to society, the state, and the vital interests that are inherent in every person. The threat is multifaceted, because at the regional and global scales there are many varieties of such a phenomenon as extremism. Counteraction to extremism is in any case, both within the country and in international relations. The essence of this phenomenon consists in the systematic, politically and socially motivated and ideologically grounded use of violence. Even simple threats of using it to intimidate individuals are extremism. Since in this way criminals monitor and control people's behavior in order to achieve their own goals by extremists.

Organized crime

In the phenomenon of terrorism, all elements are interrelated. Ideology includes an ideological and political platform, concepts, theories. To terrorist structures are both national and international organizations. To extremist - nationalist, religious, right, left, their varieties a huge amount. Terrorist practice is the wreath and the main purpose of organizing such a plan. In modern society there is no greater danger than extremism. Counteraction to extremism is being developed in every country. For there is no place on Earth, which this trouble would not touch. Of course, our state is also very concerned about the growth of such manifestations.

Prevention

Legal opposition to extremism begins with the smallest. First of all, prevention. This is the preparation and implementation by the authorized bodies of a whole range of measures: socio-economic, political, educational, information, legal, organizational, special operational-search and so on. They must identify and suppress terrorism and extremism in the very bud, establish the reasons for their appearance, eliminate the conditions in which they appear, and minimize their consequences. In addition to the state, all representatives of civil society must fulfill these tasks.

Law of the Russian Federation

The relevant law on countering extremist activity states that it is prohibited in the Russian Federation to create religious and public organizations and associations whose purpose or actions is extremism. This concept includes the following activities. Invalid:

• Violently change the constitutional order and violate the integrity of the Russian Federation.
• Publicly justify terrorism and its activities.
• To stir up social, racial, national and religious strife.
• To propagate the exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of a person on the grounds of his racial, social, religious, linguistic or national identity, his attitude towards religion.
• Violate the rights, freedoms, legitimate interests of a citizen because of his racial, social, religious, linguistic or national affiliation, as well as about his attitude towards religion.
• To impede the exercise of the electoral rights of citizens, the opportunity to participate in referendums, and it is also unacceptable to violate the secrecy of the vote, coupled with violence or the threat of using it.
• Interfere with the activities of government departments and self-government bodies, election commissions, any religious and public institutions and associations, coupled with violence or the threat of using it.
• To commit crimes on motives, which are indicated by point "e" of the first part of Article 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
• To propagandize and publicly display Nazi symbols and attributes, as well as similar to them to a degree of confusion.
• Publicly call for the implementation of these acts, as well as sell extremist materials, to manufacture and store them for mass distribution.
• Organize and prepare these acts, incite them to implement them.
• To finance these acts, to facilitate their organization, as well as to prepare and implement, even by providing a base: material, printing, telephone or any other type of communication. This includes the provision of information plan services.

The legal aspect is confirmed by the law of the Russian Federation "On Counteracting Extremist Activity," which defines the concept of such an organization. This is a religious or public association, over which the court ruled to ban activities or liquidations due to the extremist orientation of this organization.

Ministry of Justice

Materials relating to extremist and intended for publication are information on any media, documents calling for such illegal activities. They justify or justify the need for this direction, policy. This includes the work of the members of the German VATPA, the fascists of Italy. After all, they justify or justify racial and national superiority, the practice of committing crimes of the military or others, which are aimed at the partial or complete destruction of a certain social. Racial, ethnic, national or religious community of people.

The Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation and its regional bodies have the following powers in order to take measures to counter extremism:

• In case of revealing the facts about the existing signs of extremism in the work of a religious or public association, in principle - any organization, a written warning is issued to it about the inadmissibility of such a policy.
• The law establishes cases of appeal to the court with the filing of an application for the liquidation of this religious or social association.
• The court takes a decision in the established cases to suspend the activities of this association.

The management of the organization can be held accountable for extremism, the article of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is appropriate. The Ministry of Justice maintains and publishes lists of extremist materials on the Internet on the ministry's website. And also a list of religious organizations and public associations whose activities are banned or suspended by a court decision in connection with their extremist orientation is being replenished.

Criminal Code

Article 282 of the Criminal Code refers to the incitement of hatred or enmity and the humiliation of human dignity. An individual acting in this direction against an individual or group, calling for aggression, degrading other personalities on the basis of race, sex, language, nationality, attitude to religion, descent, membership in a particular social group, using publicity or the media, is punished in Depending on the severity of the guilt. First, he faces a fine of one hundred to three hundred thousand rubles, or in the amount of the convicted person's income for a period of from one to two years. Secondly, he can be deprived of the right to a certain position or activity for 36 months or to award compulsory work to one hundred and eighty hours. Thirdly, he faces reprisals up to a year or imprisonment up to two years.

If a person has done the same thing, but has used violence or the threat of using it, used his official position for this purpose, acted with an organized group, then all the punishment increases significantly. This applies to monetary compensation and imprisonment. Article 282 of the Criminal Code stipulates in this case either a fine of up to five hundred thousand rubles, or a convicted person's income for 36 months. He may also be deprived of the right to hold office for up to five years, to award compulsory work up to two hundred forty hours, or correctional - for two years. Deprivation of liberty - up to five years.

Strategy

In 2009, the National Security Strategy for the year 2020 on the counteraction of extremist activity was developed. Sources of such a threat are nationalist, radical, religious, ethnic structures. Their activities are aimed at violating the territorial integrity and unity of the Russian Federation, as well as destabilizing the situation in the country, both social and domestic. This is the fundamental document that defines the goals, objectives and directions of the policy of combating extremism. It takes into account all the challenges and threats facing the state.

The bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and its subjects, local governments united the efforts of all civil society institutions to suppress extremist activity and create an environment of intolerance to spread any ideas of this kind. At the same time, ethno-cultural diversity and inter-confessional accord, interethnic civil unity are preserved. Religious extremism and terrorism receive a worthy rebuff, as, indeed, all other activities that are contrary to the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Concepts used in the Strategy

There are several important statements that can be explained in this document:

• The ideology of extremism as a system of ideas and views of violent and unlawful persuasion, represented as the only means of solving racial, social, religious, national and political conflicts.
• Manifestations of extremism as socially unlawful and dangerous acts committed on political, racial, ideological grounds. They contribute to the emergence of religious or national enmity and hatred, interfaith, interethnic or regional conflicts.
• The subjects of counteraction to extremism are state bodies. The authorities of the Russian Federation and its subjects, local governments. In each of them, a department for combating extremism was established. This applies to all civil organizations and individuals.
• Counteraction to extremism - the activities of all entities, identifying, eliminating the causes of its manifestations, preventing, suppressing, revealing and investigating crimes of this orientation. And also minimizing and liquidating consequences of terrorist and extremist acts.
• Radicalism is a commitment to extremist ideology. It promotes violent change of the constitutional system and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation.

Any such manifestations lead to the violation of the civil peace, undermine public security, create a real threat to the foundations of the constitutional order, inter-confessional and inter-ethnic harmony. The Center for Counteracting Extremism under the GU MVD is working tirelessly, preventing terrorist acts and neutralizing extremists.

Threats external and internal

Recently, the number of such threats, both internal and external, has increased significantly. The latter is support by foreign organizations of extremist manifestations. So, they are trying to destabilize the situation in Russia. This includes the activities of international terrorist organizations. Internal threats consist of extremist activities of religious and informal associations, as well as individuals. This phenomenon no longer knows the borders of individual countries, presenting a global threat to the security of the whole world.

All known states use extremism as a tool with which they try to solve geopolitical issues and seize new spheres of economic influence. To this end, foreign states deliberately distort history, revive fascism and Nazism. The most dangerous types of extremism are nationalistic, religious and political. Appeals for violent actions are widely spread over information networks, involving all new people in such activities. There are uncoordinated actions, mass riots are organized, terrorist acts are committed. Today, an Islamic extremist is not necessarily a Muslim by birth. Anyone from Central Russia with Orthodox ancestors in many generations can easily become one. The recruiting machine works vigilantly.

The emergence of extremism

A negative phenomenon arises everywhere where there are information telecommunications networks, including the Internet. It is with their help that new members are brought into illegal organizations. It is also a convenient way to coordinate extremist crimes and spread the ideology of terrorism and extremism. The threat of subversive acts and will persist as long as these channels and sources exist.

Very often, religion is used as a recruiting tool and a means to exacerbate interconfessional conflicts. Radical currents of Islam, for example, penetrate the territory of the Russian Federation and preach not only their own exclusivity, but also violent methods of spreading this faith. The ideologists of radical Islam are most often graduates of foreign theological centers. The attempts to create centers for training and even training camps organized by international extremist and terrorist organizations are being stopped in various regions of the Russian Federation.