Diseases of the oral cavity in adults. Diseases of the oral cavity and their treatment

Each of us dreams of beautiful snow-white teeth, but, unfortunately, not everyone can boast of a Hollywood smile. Today, dentists are increasingly diagnosing various diseases of the oral cavity in adults. The most common types of ailments, as well as their causes and methods of treatment, will be considered in the article.

Causes

The oral cavity of man performs a variety of specific functions. Virtually all pathological processes in it are closely interrelated with diseases of various human systems and organs.

Diseases of the teeth and oral cavity can develop due to:

• Uncontrolled antibiotic treatment;

• Drinking too hot and hot food, alcoholic beverages, smoking;

• Various infections;

• Dehydration of the body;

• Beriberi of various types;

• Pathologies of internal organs and systems;

• Hormonal fluctuations;

• Genetic predisposition.

The picture below shows an example of oral disease (photo shows how it looks like stomatitis).

In the normal state, the oral cavity is inhabited by microorganisms, which are referred to the group of conditionally pathogenic ones. Under the influence of negative factors, certain types of microflora increase their virulence and become pathogenic.

Diseases of the mouth: classification and treatment

The ailments that arise in the mouth of a person can be divided into infectious-inflammatory, viral and fungal. Let us consider in detail each type of pathology and the main methods of therapy.

Infectious-inflammatory diseases

Infectious diseases of the oral cavity in adults - the most common problem today, which leads to a dentist, otolaryngologist or therapist. Pathologies belonging to this species are:

• Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the throat. In general, the ailment manifests itself by such symptoms as discomfort, perspiration and severe sore throat. Pharyngitis can develop due to the inhalation of cold or dirty air, various chemicals, tobacco smoke. Also, the cause of the disease is often an infection (pneumococcus). Often the disease is accompanied by a general malaise, an increase in body temperature.
  Diagnose the disease by general examination and a smear from the throat. Antibiotics for the treatment of pharyngitis are used in rare cases. Typically, it is enough to observe a special diet, make hot foot basins, apply warming compresses on the neck, inhalation, rinses, drink warm milk with honey.

• Glossitis is an inflammatory process that changes the structure and color of the tongue. The cause of the disease are oral cavity infections. To develop glossitis can result from a burn of the tongue, trauma of the tongue and mouth, all this is a "pass" for infection. Also at risk are lovers of alcoholic beverages, spicy foods, mouth fresheners. Of course, the danger of glossitis is higher among those who disregard the rules of hygiene and not carefully care for the oral cavity. At the first stage, the disease manifests itself by burning, discomfort, later the tongue acquires a bright red color, salivation increases, and taste sensations become dulled.
  Treatment of glossitis should appoint a dentist. Therapy consists of taking medications, the main ones are such drugs as Chlorhexidine, Chlorophyllipt, Actovegin, Furacilin, Fluconazole.

• Gingivitis is manifested by inflammation of the mucous gums. This ailment is quite common among adolescents and pregnant women. Gingivitis is divided into catarrhal, atrophic, hypertrophic, ulcerative-necrotic. Catarrhal gingivitis is manifested by reddening and swelling of the gums, their itching and bleeding. With atrophic gingivitis, a person reacts sharply to cold and hot food, the gum level decreases, the tooth is bare. For hypertrophic gingivitis is characterized by an increase in the gingival papillae, which begin to cover part of the tooth, in addition, the gums are painful and slightly bleeding. An indication of ulcerative necrotic gingivitis is the occurrence of ulcers and necrotic areas, and the disease is manifested by an unpleasant odor from the mouth, severe soreness, general weakness, fever, lymph nodes.
  With timely treatment in a medical institution, the doctor will prescribe an effective treatment that will help to get rid of this problem in a short time. In addition, the expert will give recommendations on oral hygiene, observing which it is possible to avoid the occurrence of such a disease in the future. For the treatment of catarrhal gingivitis, decoctions of medicinal plants (oak root, sage, chamomile flowers, althea root) are used. When atrophic gingivitis treatment involves the use not only of medicines (vitamin C, B vitamins, hydrogen peroxide), but also the conduct of such physiotherapy procedures as electrophoresis, darsonvalization, vibrating massage. Therapy of hypertrophic gingivitis consists in the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Salvin, Galaskorbin) and antibacterial agents of natural origin (Tanin, Heparin, Novoimanin). In the treatment of ulcerative-necrotic gingivitis, antihistamines and medications such as Pangexavit, Trypsin, Terrylitin, Iruksol, and others are used.

• Stomatitis is the most common infectious disease of the mouth. The causes of infection in the body can be different, for example, mechanical trauma. Penetrating, the infection forms characteristic ulcers. They amaze the inner surface of the lips and cheeks, the root of the tongue. Ulcers are single, shallow, round, with even edges, the center is covered with a film, the wounds, as a rule, are very painful.
  Often, stomatitis develops in the throat. The disease manifests a painful sensation when swallowing, itching, swelling, and perspiration. The disease can arise due to a variety of causes: burn mucous membrane, poor-quality filling processing, taking certain medications (hypnotics, anticonvulsants, certain types of antibiotics). Stomatitis in the throat can be confused with the manifestations of a common cold. But on examination, white-and-yellow ulcers formed in the tongue or tonsils are found.
  Treatment of the disease involves the use of special toothpastes and mouth rinses that do not contain sodium lauryl sulfate. Anesthetic agents are used to relieve the pain of ulcers. To gargle, use a solution of hydrogen peroxide, an infusion of calendula or chamomile, using medicines such as Tantum Verde, Stomatidin, and Givalex.

Medicamental treatment of diseases of the oral mucosa must necessarily be combined with adherence to a special diet based on semi-liquid foods, in addition, it is recommended to stop using acute, too salty and hot food.

Viral diseases

Viral diseases of the oral cavity in adults are caused by the human papilloma virus and the herpes virus.

• Herpes is one of the most common ailments. According to scientists, 90% of all inhabitants of our planet are infected with herpes. Quite often the virus in the body is located in a latent form. In a person with strong immunity, it can manifest as a small pimple on the lip, which dies off within 1-2 weeks without any outside help. If a person's body defenses are weakened, herpes is manifested much more significantly. Stress can activate the virus, surgical intervention, colds, lack of sleep, cold, wind, menstruation.
  Herpes is developing gradually. In the beginning, there is an itch and a sensation of tingling on the lips and adjacent tissues, after the lips swell, turn red, there is soreness, which prevents talking or eating. Then there are single bubbles or whole groups of them. After a while these bubbles begin to burst and turn into small ulcers, cover their hard crust that crackles. Gradually, ulcers pass away, pain and redness subsides.
  At the first manifestations of herpes lips it is recommended to moisten with special balms and apply ice to them. The emerging vials should be lubricated with a special ointment that can be purchased at a pharmacy, for example, the drug "Penciclovir".

• Papillomas can occur on different parts of the body. A particular kind of virus causes the development of papilloma in the mouth. In the mouth appear plaques of white color, having the form of cauliflower. This disease can be localized in the throat and cause hoarseness and shortness of breath. Completely get rid of the human papilloma virus, unfortunately, it is impossible, the therapy is aimed only at eliminating the clinical manifestations of the disease.

Fungal diseases

Fungal diseases of the mouth are quite common. Half of the world's population are inactive carriers of Candida. It is activated when the body's defenses are weakened. There are several types of candidiasis (ailment caused by candida).

The disease is dry and white on the inside of the cheeks and lips, on the back of the tongue and the sky. The patient also feels burning and strong discomfort. Candidiasis in the mouth is much easier to tolerate than adults. The most painful kind of candidiasis is atrophic. With this ailment, the mucous membrane of the oral cavity becomes bright red and dries out. For hyperplastic candidiasis is typical appearance of a thick layer of plaque, when trying to remove it the surface begins to bleed. Atrophic candidiasis in the mouth develops due to prolonged wearing of plate-like prostheses. The mucous membrane of the sky, the tongue, the corners of the mouth dries up and becomes inflamed. Treatment of candidiasis in the mouth involves the use of antifungal drugs such as Nystatin, Levorin, Dekamin, Amfoglucomin, Diflucan.

Diseases of the teeth and gums

Dental diseases of the mouth are very diverse. Consider the most common pathology of the teeth.

Caries

This ailment, to varying degrees of development, occurs in more than 75% of the total population. Precisely establish the causes of caries in the state only a specialist, as the development of the disease affects many different factors: the age of the patient, his lifestyle, diet, habits, the presence of concomitant dental pathologies and other ailments.

Caries develops due to:

• Inadequate oral hygiene. Persons who do not conduct oral hygiene after eating, in 90% of cases, face the problem of caries. If there is insufficient or irregular cleaning of teeth, a permanent coating on their surface is formed, which eventually becomes stone and results in the loss of trace elements from the enamel.

• Unreasonable nutrition. As a result of strict diets with a low content of microelements and proteins, a lack of daily foods containing calcium, the quality of saliva changes , the balance of the microflora of the oral cavity is disturbed and, as a result, the destruction of hard tissues of teeth can begin.

• Pathologies of enamel. With the inadequate development of the tooth tissues, insufficient amounts of minerals from the saliva enter the enamel, as a result the tooth does not have the ability to form, develop and function normally.

When examining the oral cavity, the dentist will choose the most appropriate method of treatment. If tooth decay is in the stain, remineralization (restoration of the amount of mineral) will be sufficient. In the case of carious cavity formation, sealing is required.

Periodontitis

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the tissues surrounding the tooth. For this disease is characterized by a gradual destruction of the connection between the root and bone tissue, increased mobility of the tooth and its subsequent loss. It causes periodontal infection, which, penetrating between the gum and the tooth, gradually breaks the connection between the bone and the root of the tooth. As a result, the mobility of the tooth in place increases, with time the connection between bone and root weakens.

After detecting an infection, eliminating it will not be a big deal. But in this case, the danger is the consequences of periodontitis. After the infection is eliminated, the soft tissues, rather than the ligaments that hold the root of the tooth, are restored faster, which can lead to its loss. Therefore, the treatment of periodontitis is not only the destruction of the infection, but also the restoration of bone tissue and ligaments that hold the tooth in the bone.

Periodontal disease

This ailment is very rare and mostly in older people. What is periodontal disease, than to treat such a pathology? Periodontal disease is a gum disease that is characterized by:

• Bleeding and swelling of the gums, pain in the gums;

• Periodic swelling of the gums;

• Suppuration of periodontal pockets;

• Bareing the surface of roots and necks of teeth;

• Fan-shaped divergence of teeth;

• Mobility of teeth.

If the periodontitis has developed, what to treat and what methods are applied, the dentist will tell after examination of the oral cavity. First of all, it is necessary to remove dental plaque and plaque, which are the cause of inflammation in the gums and the destruction of the tooth-gingival attachment. Drug therapy consists of rinsing the oral cavity with the drug "Chlorhexidine", and also applying appliqués to the gum with "Holisal-gel".

Prophylaxis of diseases of the oral cavity

1. Hygiene is the basis for the prevention of diseases of the oral cavity. Teeth must be cleaned not only in the morning, but also in the evening, before going to bed, using quality toothpastes and brushes, it is also recommended to use a dental floss once a day.

2. A balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle. To keep your teeth healthy, you should not eat too hot or cold food. In the daily diet is recommended to include foods rich in calcium and phosphorus: fish, dairy products, green tea. Yellow-brown plaque on the teeth - a spectacle unpleasant, so from such a harmful habit as smoking, you must completely abandon it.

3. Regular visit to the dentist. The above measures are extremely important for the maintenance of dental health. However, this is not enough. It is very difficult to detect the developing pathological process independently, especially at the initial stage. Therefore, the examination at the dentist should be held regularly - every six months.

Any oral disease in adults - it is always unpleasant, but, unfortunately, they are found often enough. To prevent the development of ailments, observe the above prevention rules, and if the pathology does arise, take appropriate measures.