Dangerous situation: OBZH. Dangerous and emergency situations. Dangerous situations of a natural nature

It's not a secret for anyone that a person is exposed to a lot of dangers every day. Even being at home, you risk crippling or dying, and dangerous situations in the city are waiting for you in every corner. "How terrible it is to live, it turns out!", You will say. Not really. If you observe the simplest rules of safety, then such situations can be prevented and avoided. In addition, knowing how to behave, you can reduce the unpleasant consequences to a minimum.

What is a dangerous situation? Definition

First of all, we'll figure out what situation can be called really dangerous. If we asked a child about five years old, he could subjectively answer that a dangerous situation is when, for example, a favorite toy has broken down. Well, we give an exact definition.

A dangerous situation is the circumstances in which there is a serious threat to human health or life, the state of the environment or property. They can happen suddenly and require an immediate reaction.

What is an emergency?

In this article we will talk not only about dangerous, but also about emergency situations. The latter occur as a result of a catastrophe, a natural disaster , an accident at a large enterprise. They can entail or entailed multiple deaths of people, huge material damage, a sharp deterioration of natural conditions.

Typology

All dangerous situations can be conditionally divided into three groups depending on the cause of their occurrence:

1. Natural nature.

2. Technogenic nature.

3. The public nature.

Riot of the elements

Natural dangerous situations can be divided into 8 groups. Classification is made depending on their origin. Let's look at examples of dangerous situations. In addition, we divide them according to the species.

1. Open our list called "Dangerous Emergencies of a Natural Character" Cosmogenic Disasters. They, perhaps, have the most large-scale consequences. Cosmic hazards include the fall of asteroids, meteor showers, magnetic storms, as well as the collision of our planet with comets and meteorites. The consequences of such phenomena are really horrifying, but fortunately, scientists are able to track the trajectories of celestial bodies and will be able to warn people about the danger. In addition, small meteorites can be knocked down from orbit and change their course, so that humanity does not face death from "stones from outer space".

2. Geophysical. The city of Pompeii was wiped off the face of the earth, and Japan is constantly suffering because of geophysical phenomena. Guessed? In this category, we refer volcanic eruptions, as well as earthquakes. Feel the horror of geophysical disaster will help the picture of artist Karl Bryullov, which became the peak of his career. 3. Meteorological. These are violent storms, hurricanes, storms and tornadoes. Until now, there is no one specific theory about why hurricanes and tornadoes occur. This was due to the fact that the processes that occur inside the "funnel" are very difficult to study. However, scientists suggest that this occurs at the junction of a warm and cold atmospheric front. Tornadoes have a serious destructive power, and it's not for nothing that ancient people considered them to be God's punishment.

4. Geological. This category includes landslides, avalanches, avalanches, subsidence of the earth's surface, karst, erosion, dust storms. The threat of a "white death", as they are called avalanches, will exist for those who like to rest at ski resorts always.

The avalanche can be formed from dry snow after a snowfall in the frost, snow at such a time practically does not adhere to each other, and a mass like a powder will be ready to fall down with a huge speed down from a small oscillation of the ground or a loud sound. The air will be filled with dust from the snow, and the alpine skier will die painfully, choking.

An avalanche of wet snow will occur if the thermometer's column shows 0 degrees Celsius. If you like to go skiing or snowboarding in the mountains, then remember the golden rule: where once the avalanche has come down, it will come down again.

Dangerous situations of a natural nature are very predictable, be sure to use the information given above.

5. Hydrometeorological. These are showers, snowfalls, large hail, severe drought, a sharp drop in temperatures, unbearable heat, blizzard. Such situations seriously threaten the harvest, and can also contribute to the development of diseases. If in your region you are announcing anomalous heat, cold, precipitation, then try not to leave the house, otherwise you risk to spend the near future in the hospital.

6. Hydrological. These situations are directly related to water, as you guessed. These are floods, flooding, the early appearance of ice on the rivers, along which ships go, the water level decreases and rises. Sounds, of course, is not as scary as the eruption of a volcano, but that's just as dangerous as it really is. It threatens both the loss of harvest, and material losses, and damage to the soil.

7. Marine hydrological. These include a typhoon, a tsunami, a strong storm, ice drift, and icing of sea vessels.

Why ships can icing? The main reason is the so-called spattering of the vessel. Sea water because of the wind or shock waves on the board for some time is in the air, it cools rapidly in the frost, so over time on the skin there is an ice crust, which then only grows and grows, and then covers all the larger areas.

This immensely hinders the movement: greatly deteriorating controllability, there is a roll, speed decreases. This phenomenon is fraught with many dangers.

8. Natural fires. Why do they arise? Sometimes this is due to a severe drought, trees and soil dry up to such an extent that they light up. But peat bogs often break out. In addition, peat has the property of self-igniting and burning under water! Dangerous situations of a natural nature often develop according to an unpredictable scenario.

Technogenic world

We learned what dangerous natural emergencies are, now we will consider technogenic emergency situations. They are always associated with human production activities, and most often their consequences are harm to the environment and a large number of deaths. Consider categories and examples of dangerous situations.

1. Transport accidents. The number of people killed on the roads is steadily growing. As of 2013, the gloomy figures are as follows: one and a half million deaths per year. According to preliminary estimates of experts, unfortunately, by 2030 there is a chance that the death rate will be almost 3.5 million people a year! In developed countries, traffic accidents by the number of dead are in fifth place along with tuberculosis, malaria and HIV. It is also worth mentioning about the crashes of airplanes and trains, about accidents on ships and submarines. As a result, the number of deaths in transport is appalling.

2. Sudden collapse of buildings and structures. This happens when materials lose their former strength or the building is built poorly, in the wrong place.

If you notice a crack on the facade of your house, we recommend that you contact the appropriate services, for example, in the housing and utilities sector. There are special programs for resettlement of people from emergency buildings.

Fires and explosions

We all tend to be wrong. Similarly, electronics can not serve forever without any deviations. In the building, at the objects of storage of combustible substances, in the metro, next to an unexploded ordnance ... Many places where something can catch fire, explode and cause often irreparable damage. This is a really dangerous situation. OBZH from the elementary classes teaches us what to do in case of a fire in the building, how to behave, where to go. Let us recall once again these simple rules:

• Call firefighters immediately, dialing 112 or 01.
• Do not panic. In this state, you can do something stupid.
• Do not extinguish fire with water only if there is no danger of electric shock.
• If the concentration of smoke is high, close the respiratory system with a damp cloth or handkerchief, move on all fours, as harmful substances in the smoke are lighter than air and rise up.
• If there is a risk of suffering from a current, turn off the power and the appliances.
• Flammable liquids must not be filled with water! Use sand, a fire extinguisher, a wet rag or cloth.
• Do not open the windows for anything. The fire needs oxygen in order to flare up even more.
• If you can not eliminate the fire on your own, leave the premises urgently, inform others, wait for firefighters.
• If the path to the outside of the building is cut off to you, go to the balcony, close the door tightly, wait for help, call the passers-by.
• Do not enter the premises if the concentration of smoke is high, that is, visibility is less than ten meters.
• Leaving the building, do not go back. Wait for rescuers to come.

The Chernobyl accident

Now we move on to the most destructive and dangerous. Accidents at nuclear power plants, hydropower stations, power plants and treatment plants. Such accidents happen very little, but each of them crashes into memory. The consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants are emissions of harmful chemicals hazardous to life. Emergency situations at HPPs are threatened by floods, breakthroughs of dams. The accident at the power plant threatens to cut off the light in the area that it serves. And many of these catastrophes take dozens, hundreds, thousands of lives.

Perhaps, such things are not forgotten. Everyone remembers the Chernobyl disaster that occurred on April 26, 1986. A huge number of poisonous and radioactive substances were in the air. The level of radiation in some areas still exceeds the allowable by a thousand times. This catastrophe has become a cruel lesson for all mankind. It is recognized as the largest in the history of nuclear energy.

This is what the engine room of the fourth power unit looks like today. Here, the highest level of radiation, finding even in special suits is extremely dangerous. After a failure in the reactor and the release of harmful substances passed the day before people began to evacuate from the danger zone. All around was covered with white bloom, but the children continued to walk on the streets, as if nothing had happened. There was an unbearable heat, people went fishing, the beach, while everything around was almost lit from radiation. As a result of this negligence, thousands of people died from severe radiation sickness.

Pripyat became a ghost town. For several decades now nobody lives here. Everyone knows what sad consequences this dangerous situation entailed. OBZH already in high school is considering the consequences and causes of such global catastrophes, so that we from childhood realized the horror of such situations and did everything that it depends on us to prevent them. Surprisingly, rare species of representatives of flora and fauna have settled in Pripyat and surrounding areas. By the way, even people live here.

Dangerous situations of a public nature

To such we can include extremely unfavorable phenomena and processes occurring in society, posing a direct threat to human life, its rights and freedoms, as well as for property.

The cause of social hazards

Let's look at the source of these problems. Such situations are due to the fact that people can not solve any important problems of politics, economics, culture, ethics and so on. Mankind has not lived up to the hopes of philosophers, humanists, for example, about the victory over hunger and the needy. These problems are becoming more acute with time and cause a resonance in society. Starting point of dangerous situations of this type can become unemployment, inflation, nationalism, crises, a low standard of living, corruption, etc. In such situations, one will think of committing suicide, another - rob a store, kill a person, rape someone, take revenge and so on Further. Some thoughtful people come up with the following idea: "We need to change something, but since the government does not listen to me, we will have to move on to radical actions." And then they organize a revolution. Well, at worst, some fanatic with mental disabilities comes to the idea of uniting the world under his command, creating an ideal race, reducing the population of the earth, etc. No less destructive is the banal desire "to take this tidbit of the earth for yourself" or the desire to kill others.

Types of hazards

Thus, dangerous and emergency situations of a social nature are divided into two types:

1. Actually social. They can be aimed at the health of a particular person (suicide, drug addiction, social diseases, zombies from sects, blackmail, hostage taking, violence, terror). This once again confirms the fact that dangerous situations in the city are waiting for us at every step.

2. Military. Situations in which conventional, nuclear or newest weapons are used, for example, biological, genetic and radiation.

Conclusion

Dangerous and emergency situations happen everywhere, but they happen in the overwhelming majority of cases precisely because of the man himself. It is necessary to think logically, to learn to make quick and correct decisions, to foresee the possible consequences of one's own actions, otherwise all mankind will die from its own short-sightedness. Be reasonable!