Communist Internationals. History of the communist movement: dates, leaders

Many people know that the Communist International is called an international organization that unites the Communist Parties of different countries in 1919-1943. This same organization some call the Third International, or the Comintern.

This formation was founded in 1919, on March 4, at the request of the RCP (B) and its leader, VI Lenin, for the dissemination and development of the ideas of international revolutionary socialism, which, in comparison with the reformist socialism of the Second International, was quite the opposite. The gap between these two coalitions was due to differences in positions regarding the First World War and the October Revolution.

Congresses of the Comintern

The congresses of the Comintern were not held very often. Consider them in order:

• First (Constituent). Organized in 1919 (in March) in Moscow. 52 delegates from 35 groups and parties from 21 countries of the world took part in it.
• The Second Congress. It was held July 19-August 7 in Petrograd. At this event, a number of decisions were taken on the tactics and strategy of communist activities, such as the model of participation in the national liberation movement of the Communist Parties, the rules for the party's entry into the Third International, the Charter of the Comintern and so on. At that time, the International Cooperation Department of the Comintern was established.
• Third Congress. Held in Moscow in 1921, from June 22 to July 12. At this event, 605 delegates from 103 parties and structures came.
• The Fourth Congress. The event took place from November to December 1922. It was attended by 408 delegates, who were sent by 66 parties and enterprises from 58 countries. By the decision of the Congress, the International Enterprise for Assistance to Revolutionary Fighters was organized.
• The fifth meeting of the Communist International was held from June to July 1924. Participants decided to turn the national communist parties into Bolshevik: to change their tactics in the light of the defeat of revolutionary performances in Europe.
• The Sixth Congress was held from July to September 1928. At this meeting, participants assessed the political world situation as a transition to the newest stage. It was characterized by an economic crisis spreading all over the planet, and an intensification of the class struggle. Members of Congress managed to develop a thesis on social fascism. They issued a statement that the political cooperation of Communists with both right-wing and left-wing Social Democrats is impossible. In addition, during this conference, the Charter and the Program of the Communist International were adopted.
• The seventh conference was held in 1935, from July 25 to August 20. The basic theme of the meeting was the idea of consolidating forces and combating the growing fascist threat. In this period, the Workers' Unified Front was created, which was a body coordinating the activity of workers of various political interests.

History

In general, it is very interesting to study communist internationals. So, we know that the Trotskyists approved the first four congresses, the supporters of left communism are only the first two. As a result of the campaigns of 1937-1938, most of the sections of the Comintern were liquidated. The Polish section of the Comintern was eventually dissolved.

Of course, political parties of the 20th century underwent a lot of changes. Repression against the figures of the communist international movement, who found themselves in the USSR for one reason or another, appeared even before Germany and the USSR concluded a non-aggression pact in 1939.

Marxism-Leninism enjoyed great popularity among the people. And at the beginning of 1937 the members of the Directorate of the German Communist Party G. Remmele, H. Eberlein, F. Schulte, G. Neumann, G. Kippenberger, the leaders of the Yugoslav Communist Party M. Phillipovich, M. Gorkich were arrested. V. Chopich commanded in Spain by the fifteenth Lincoln brigade, but when he returned, he was also arrested.

As you can see, the communist internationals created a large number of people. Also prominent were the prominent figures of the communist international movement Hungarian Bela Kun, many leaders of the Polish Communist Party - Y. Pashin, E. Pruhnyak, M. Koshutskaya, Y. Lensky and many others. Former Secretary General of the Greek Communist Party A. Kaitas was arrested and shot. The same fate was awarded to one of the leaders of the Communist Party of Iran A. Sultan-Zade: he was a member of the Executive Committee of the Comintern, delegate of the II, III, IV and VI congresses.

It should be noted that political parties of the 20th century were distinguished by a large number of intrigues. Stalin accused the leaders of the Communist Party of Poland in anti-Bolshevism, Trotskyism, and anti-Soviet positions. His speeches led to physical reprisals against Jerzy Cheshayko-Sochacki and other leaders of the Polish Communists (1933). Some repressions were overtaken in 1937.

Marxism-Leninism, in fact, was a good teaching. But in 1938 the presidium of the Executive Committee of the Comintern decided to dissolve the Polish Communist Party. Under the wave of repression were the founders of the Communist Party of Hungary and the leaders of the Hungarian Soviet Republic - F. Bayaki, D. Bokanyi, Bela Kun, I. Rabinovich, J. Kelen, L. Gavro, Sh. Sabadosh, F. Karakash. The Bulgarian communists who moved to the USSR were repressed: H. Rakovski, R. Avramov, B. Stomonyakov.

The communists of Romania also began to destroy. In Finland, the founders of the Communist Party G. Rovio and A. Shottman, General First Secretary K. Manner and many of their comrades-in-arms were repressed.

It is known that the communist internationals did not appear in an empty place. For them, more than one hundred Italian Communists, who lived in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, suffered. They were all arrested and sent to camps. Mass repressions did not pass by the leaders and activists of the Communist Parties of Lithuania, Latvia, Western Ukraine, Estonia and Western Belorussia (before joining them to the USSR).

The structure of the Comintern

So, we have considered the congresses of the Comintern, and now we will consider the structure of this organization. Its Charter was adopted in August 1920. It read: "In fact, the Communists' International must actually and truly represent a world united communist party, whose individual branches operate in every state."

It is known that the leadership of the Comintern was carried out through the Executive Committee (ECCI). Until 1922, it consisted of representatives delegated by the Communist Parties. And since 1922 he was elected by the Congress of the Comintern. The small Bureau of the ECCI appeared in July 1919. In September 1921, he was renamed the Presidium of the ECCI. The Secretariat of the ECCI was established in 1919, it dealt with personnel and organizational issues. This organization existed until 1926. And the Organizational Bureau (Orgburo) of the ECCI was established in 1921 and lasted until 1926.

It is interesting that from 1919 to 1926 the Chairman of the ECCI was Grigory Zinoviev. In 1926, the post of chairman of the ECCI was abolished. Instead, the Political Secretariat of the ECCI came out of nine people. In August 1929, the Political Commission of the Political Secretariat of the ECCI was singled out of this new formation. She had to deal with the preparation of various issues, which the Political Secretariat considered in the future. It included D. Manuilsky, O. Kuusinen, representative of the Communist Party of Germany (agreed with the Central Committee of the KKE) and O. Pyatnitsky (candidate).

In 1935, a new post - Secretary General of the ECCI. It was occupied by G. Dimitrov. The Political Commission and the Political Secretariat were abolished. The Secretariat of the ECCI was again organized.

The control international commission was established in 1921. She checked the work of the ECCI apparatus, individual sections (parties) and was engaged in financial audit.

What organizations did the Comintern consist of?

• Profintern.
• Mezhrabpom.
• Sportintern.
• Communist Youth International (KIM).
• Креститерн. / Crosswise.
• Women's International Secretariat.
• Association of rebellious theaters (international).
• Association of rebellious writers (international).
• The International of the proletarians of free-thinkers.
• World Committee of Comrades of the USSR.
• International tenants.
• The International Organization for Assistance to Revolutionaries was referred to as the IDLR or "Red Aid."
• Anti-imperialist league.

The dissolution of the Comintern

When did the dissolution of the Communist International take place? The official liquidation of this famous organization falls on May 15, 1943. The dissolution of the Comintern was declared by Stalin: he wanted to impress the Western Allies by convincing them that the plans for the establishment of communist and pro-Soviet regimes on the lands of European states had collapsed. It is known that the reputation of the Third International by the early 1940s was very bad. In addition, in continental Europe, the Nazis suppressed and destroyed almost all cells.

From the mid-1920s, Stalin personally and the CPSU (B) personally sought to dominate the Third International. This nuance played a role in the events of that time. Affected and the elimination of almost all branches of the Comintern (except for the International Youth and the Executive Committee) in the years of Stalinist repression (mid-1930's). However, the 3 International was able to retain the Executive Committee: it was only renamed the World Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU (B.).

In June 1947, a conference was held in Paris on the assistance of Marshall. And in September 1947, Stalin from the socialist parties created the Cominform - the Communist Information Bureau. It replaced the Comintern. In fact, it was a network formed from the communist parties of Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, France, Italy, Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, Romania and Yugoslavia (due to disagreements between Tito and Stalin, it was struck off the lists in 1948).

Cominform was liquidated in 1956, after the end of the 20th Congress of the CPSU. This organization did not have a formal successor, but those were the ATS and CMEA, as well as regularly held meetings of friendly workers and communist parties in the USSR.

Archive of the Third International

The archive of the Comintern is kept in the State Archives of Political and Social History in Moscow. There are documents in 90 languages: the basic working language is German. There are reports of more than 80 parties.

Educational establishments

The Third International owned:

1. Communist University of Chinese Workers (KUTK) - until September 17, 1928 was called the University of Chinese workers named after Sun Yatsen (UTK).
2. The Communist University of the Working People of the East (KUTV).
3. Communist University of the National Minorities of the West (KUNMZ).
4. The International Leninist School (MLSH) (1925-1938).

Institutions

The Third International commanded:

1. Statistical Information Institute of the ECCI (Varga Bureau) (1921-1928).
2. Agrarian International Institute (1925-1940).

Historical facts

The creation of the Communist International was accompanied by various interesting events. So, in 1928 for him Hans Eisler wrote a magnificent anthem in German. In Russian he was translated by I. L. Frenkel in 1929. In the chorus of the work the words "Our slogan - the World Soviet Union!"

In general, when the Communist International was established, we already know - it was not an easy time. It is known that the command of the Red Army together with the Bureau of Propaganda and Agitation of the Third International prepared and published the book "Armed Insurrection." In 1928 this work was published in German, and in 1931 - in French. The work was written in the form of a manual on the theory of organizing armed uprisings.

The book was created under the pseudonym A. Neuberg, its real authors were popular figures of the revolutionary world movement.

Marxism-Leninism

What is Marxism-Leninism? This is a philosophical and socio-political doctrine of the laws of the struggle for the elimination of capitalist systems and the construction of communism. It was developed by VI Lenin, who developed the teachings of Marx and applied it in practice. The emergence of Marxism-Leninism confirmed the significance of the Leninist contribution to Marxism.

Lenin created such a magnificent teaching that in the socialist countries it became the official "ideology of the working class". The ideology was not static, it was modified, adjusted to the needs of the elite. Incidentally, it included the teachings of the regional communist leaders, which are important for the socialist powers that they lead.

In the Soviet paradigm, Lenin's teaching is the only true scientific system of economic, philosophical and political-social views. The Marxist-Leninist doctrine is able to integrate conceptual views on research and the revolutionary change of terrestrial space. It reveals the laws of the development of society, human thinking and nature, explains the class struggle and the forms of transition to socialism (including the elimination of capitalism), tells about the creative activity of workers engaged in the construction of both the communist and socialist society.

The largest party in the world is the Communist Party of China. It follows in its beginnings the teachings of VI Lenin. Its charter contains the following words: "Marxism-Leninism has found the laws of the historical evolution of mankind. Its basic provisions are always true and have a powerful vitality. "

The First International

It is known that the Communist Internationals played the most important role in the struggle of the working people for a better life. The International Workers' Association was officially named the First International. This is the first international formation of the working class, which was established on September 28, 1864 in London.

This organization was liquidated after the schism that occurred in 1872.

The Second International

The 2-nd International (Worker or Socialist) was an international association of workers' socialist parties, established in 1889. He inherited the traditions of his predecessor, but from 1893 there were no anarchists in his composition. For an uninterrupted connection between the party members in 1900, the Socialist International Bureau, located in Brussels, was registered. The International adopted decisions that were not binding for the parties included in it.

The Fourth International

The Fourth International is called the international communist organization, an alternative to Stalinism. It is based on the theoretical heritage of Lev Trotsky. The tasks of this formation were the realization of the world revolution, the victory of the working class and the building of socialism.

This International was established in 1938 by Trotsky and his associates in France. These people believed that the Comintern was completely controlled by the Stalinists, that it could not bring the working class of the whole planet to the full gain of political power. That is why, in opposition, they created their own "Fourth International", whose members were then pursued by agents of the NKVD. In addition, they accused the supporters of the USSR and late Maoism of illegitimacy, the bourgeoisie (France and the USA) pressed.

This organization suffered for the first time from the split in 1940, as well as from a more powerful split in 1953. In 1963, there was a partial reunification, but many groups claim that they are the political successors of the "Fourth International".

The Fifth International

What is the Fifth International? This is the term that the left radicals designate, wishing to create a new working international organization, based on the ideology of Marxist-Leninist doctrine and Trotskyism. Members of this group consider themselves the ascetics of the First International, the Communist Third, the Trotskyite Fourth and the Second.

Communism

Finally, what is the Russian Communist Party? It is based on communism. In Marxism, this is a hypothetical economic and social system based on social equality, public property created from the means of production.

One of the most famous internationalist communist slogans is the saying: "Workers of all countries, unite!". Whoever said these famous words for the first time knows a few. But we will open the secret: for the first time this slogan was voiced by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx in the Manifesto of the Communist Party.

After the nineteenth century, the term "communism" was often used to designate the socio-economic formation predicted by the Marxists in their theoretical works. It was based on public property created with the means of production. In general, the classics of Marxism believe that the communist society realizes the principle "Everyone - according to his skills, each - by need!".

We hope that our readers will be able, through this article, to understand the Communist Internationals.