Building sentences in English. Proposal schemes in English

The correct construction of sentences in English is impossible without knowledge of the basic laws of the formation of their structure. So, in Russian language to describe a situation it is enough to take the words involved in it (the names of concepts, objects, etc.) and to connect them together by means of endings formed by declension by case and number. However, the English language is deprived of such endings, and therefore a correct description of the situation can be achieved only if the sentences in words are arranged in a certain way.

Simple sentences and their classification

Simple English sentences are divided into two types - non-common and common. The former consist only of the subject and the predicate. It is important that the subject is in the first place, and the predicate is in the second place. For example: "The bus stopped".

The second type of simple sentences, except for the main terms, implies the inclusion of secondary (addition, definition, circumstance). The construction of proposals in English with the use of secondary members allows us to explain the main situation. For example: "The yellow bus stopped at the station" ("Yellow bus stopped at the station"). In this case, the first minor member of the sentence (yellow) is the definition and explains the subject (the bus), and the second is the place circumstance (at the station) and refers to the predicate (stopped).

Narrative suggestions: construction scheme

As mentioned above, the endings in English words remain unchanged, so each word must be in a strictly prescribed place for it (this is called the direct order of words). Otherwise, the essence of the proposal will be distorted, and the person reading it will receive incorrect, sometimes even the opposite, information. And if in Russian we can say: "Yesterday I went to the cinema", "I went to the cinema yesterday" or "Yesterday I went to the cinema" - then the existing schemes of proposals in the English language do not allow this.

While the Russian language will understand the essence of the situation, even if the words are interchanged, in English everything is different. For example, regardless of whether we say in Russian "Jack hit Jim" or "Jim hit Jack", the information will be received correctly. But in English, two such proposals, like "Jack hit Jim" and "Jim hit Jack" have the opposite meaning. The first is translated as "Jack hit Jim", and the second - "Jim hit Jack." To avoid such misunderstandings, it is necessary to construct proposals in English according to the following scheme: first place the subject, the second - the predicate, the third - addition and the fourth - the circumstance. For example: "We do our work with pleasure". It is also permissible to place the circumstances of the place and time before the subject, for example: "At the moment I am cooking dinner".

Negative sentences with not

Negative sentences in English have the following structure:

1. Subject.
2. The beginning of the predicate.
3. Negative particle is not.
4. End of the predicate.
5. Nominal part of the predicate.

Examples include the following negative sentences in English: "I'm not reading the book" or "I have not seen Kelly in a while" ("I did not see Kelly for a while = I I have not seen Kelly for a long time ").

If negative sentences use verbs in Present Simple or Past Simple, they are reduced to the form "do / does / did + main form". For example, "I do not like mouses", "She does not need help" or "Steven did not look tired".

Negative sentences with negative words

Making sentences in English of a negative type is possible not only with the use of the particle not, but also in another way. It's about constructing a structure with the content of negative words, which include the following: nobody, never, nothing, none, nowhere.

For example: "Nobody wanted to bring a chair". It is worth noting that in English one sentence can not contain both a particle not, and a negative word. So, the phrase "I do not know anything" in English translates as "I know nothing" and in no case is "I do not know nothing".

Interrogative proposals

Interrogative proposals can be presented in the form of general and special questions. So, general questions suggest a "yes / no" answer. For example: "Did you like the book?" Or "Have you ever been in the Paris?" ("Have you ever been to Paris?"). As for special questions, it is necessary to compose sentences in English of this type when it is necessary to obtain more specific information on a given question - color, time, name, object, distance, etc. For example: "What is your favorite movie?" Or "How long is the flight to Prague?" ("How long is the flight to Prague?").

In the case of expressing the verb to to or to be, the general questions are constructed as follows: first the predicate, and then the subject. In the case when the predicate includes a modal or auxiliary verb, it is he who is put before the subject. If the verb is expressed in Present or Past Simple, do / does or did.

As for the order of words in the construction of a special question, it is the same as in general, except that at the beginning of the sentence there should be a question word: who, when, what, how long ( How long), where (where), how (how).

Imperative proposals

Considering the types of sentences in English, one can not help mentioning imperative sentences. They are necessary for the expression of a request, the prompting of an action, an order, and a prohibition when it comes to negative form.

The imperative sentence presupposes a straightforward order of words, but first the verb is put: "Give me my pen, please" ("Give me my pen, please"). In some cases this construction can consist of only one verb: "Run!" (Run!). Wanting to soften the order or turn it into a request, the speaker can use you, will you or will not you by posting them at the end of the sentence.

Exclamation sentences

The construction of sentences in the English language of the exclamatory type is done in the same way as the usual one, however they should be pronounced emotionally, and on the letter at the end of such a construction an exclamation mark is always put . For example, "You are very beautiful!" Or "I'm so happy!" ("I'm so happy!").

In the case where the exclamation proposal requires additional amplification, you can use the question words what and how. For example, "What a big house it is!", "What a sad movie!" Or "How well Matt can dance!" ("How well Matt dances ! "). It is worth noting that in the case of using a subject in the singular, an indefinite article a or an is needed.

Complex sentences: definition and classification

In addition to simple sentences, there are still complex ones that are formed by combining the former. Complicated and complex sentences are types of sentences in English that have a complex structure. The difference between them lies in the fact that the first represent a construction consisting of two independent simple sentences, and the second - the principal and one or more dependent (subordinate).

Complex sentences are constructed using such compositional unions as and (and), or (or), but (but), for (since), yet (nevertheless). As for the unions that are used to form complex sentences, they are divided into the following groups:

• Cause / effect: since, because, therefore (for this reason, therefore), so (therefore, so);
• Time: before (before, before), while (while, while), after, when;
• Other: although (despite the fact that), if (if, if), although (though), unless (if only).

In all simple sentences, of which complex ones are composed, the direct order must be sustained. There are a huge number of sentences in English, but regardless of their type, the basic rule of construction must be respected.

Types of conditional sentences

Conditional sentences in English are used to describe a situation with different characteristics. They are capable of taking different forms, but in most cases the following construction is used: "If Condition, (then) Statement" (If Condition, (then) Statement). For example, "If it is warm, many people prefer to go to the park", "If you buy this dress, I will give you free gloves" ("If you buy this Dress, I'll give you free gloves ").

Conditional sentences in English are divided into three types. The first is used to indicate real, feasible conditions pertaining to any of the times (future, present, past). To construct such a construction, the main sentence uses the verb in the future form, and in the subordinate clause it is used in the present form.

The second describes the unrealistic conditions that relate to the future or the present. To create such a sentence, the main part of it should use the verb should or would and the verb in the basic form without the particle to, and in the subordinate form we would be for the verb to be or the form of Past Simple for all others.

And the third covers the unfulfilled conditions in the past. The main part of the sentence is constructed using the verb should / would and the verb in the present tense, and the subordinate part is a verb in the form of Past Perfect.