Biography of Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasievich. Literary heritage of the writer

Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasyevich does not need a presentation. This great prose writer and playwright is known throughout the world. Biography of Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasievich is presented in this article.

The origin of the writer

Bulgakov MA was born on May 3, 1891 in the city of Kiev. His parents were intellectuals. My mother worked as a teacher in the Karachayevsky progymnasium. Father was a teacher (his portrait is presented above). After graduating from the Kiev Theological Academy, he worked in it, as well as in other educational institutions. In 1893, Afanasy Bulgakov became the Kiev regional censor. His duties included the censorship of works written in foreign languages. In the family, apart from Michael, there were five more children.

Period of training, work in field hospitals

Should be a very detailed consideration of such an author, as Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasievich, biography. The table of dates associated with his life will not help those who set out to find the sources of his creativity and understand the peculiarities of his inner world. Therefore, we suggest you read the detailed biography.

The future writer was trained in the First Alexander's Gymnasium. The level of education in this institution was very high. In 1909, Mikhail Afanasyevich entered the Kiev University, after which he was to become a doctor. In 1914 the First World War began.

After graduating from the university in 1916, Mikhail Afanasyevich worked in field hospitals (in Kamenets-Podolsky, and after a while - in Cherepovets). He was recalled from the front in September 1916. Bulgakov became the head of the Nikolskoy rural hospital, which was located in the Smolensk province. A year later, in 1917, Mikhail Afanasyevich was transferred to Vyazma. In the "Notes of a Young Doctor", created in 1926, this period of his life was reflected. The main hero of the work is a talented doctor, a conscientious worker. In seemingly hopeless situations, he saves the sick. The hero is acutely experiencing the uneasy financial situation of uneducated peasants living in Smolensk villages. However, he understands that he can not change anything.

Revolution in the fate of Bulgakov

Mikhail Afanasyevich's habitual life was violated by the February Revolution. Bulgakov expressed his attitude to her in his essay in 1923 "Kiev-city." He noted that "suddenly and threateningly" with the revolution "came history."

After the October Revolution, Bulgakov was released from military service. He returned to his native Kiev, which, unfortunately, soon occupied the Germans. Here Mikhail Afanasievich plunged into the maelstrom of the Civil War. Bulgakov was a very good doctor, so both sides needed his services. The young doctor remained faithful to the ideals of humanism in all situations. Gradually, indignation grew in his heart. He could not accept the cruelty of whites and Petlyuraites. Subsequently, these sentiments were reflected in Bulgakov's novel "The White Guard", as well as in his stories "On the Night of the Third Number," "Plaque" and in the plays "Running" and "Days of the Turbins."

Bulgakov honestly performed the duty of a doctor. During the service he had to be an involuntary witness of crimes that were committed in late 1919 in Vladikavkaz. Mikhail Afanasyevich did not want to take part in the war anymore. He left the army of Denikin in early 1920.

The first articles and stories

After that I decided not to engage in medicine Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov. A brief biography of him continues to work as a journalist. He began writing articles that were published in local newspapers. Bulgakov completed his first story in the autumn of 1919. In the same winter he created several feuilletons, a series of short stories. In one of them, entitled "Tribute to admiration", Mikhail Afanasyevich tells of street clashes that took place in Kiev during the Revolution and the Civil War.

Plays created in Vladikavkaz

Shortly before the whites left Vladikavkaz, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov fell ill with recurrent typhus . A brief biography of his time is particularly dramatic. In the spring of 1920, he recovered. However, the detachments of the Red Army had already entered the city, and Bulgakov could not emigrate, which he really wanted. It was necessary to somehow build relations with the new regime. Then he began to cooperate with the Revolutionary Committee, in the sub department of the arts. Mikhail Afanasyevich created plays for Ingush and Ossetian troupes. These works reflected his views on the revolution. These were agitation-ephemera, written mainly for the purpose of surviving in difficult conditions. Bulgakov's novel "Notes on Cuffs" reflected his Vladikavkaz impressions.

Moving to Moscow, new works

Mikhail Bulgakov could emigrate to Tiflis, and then to Batumi. His biography, however, took a different path. Bulgakov understood that the writer's place in a difficult time for the country - next to the people. Biography of Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasievich in 1921 marked the move to Moscow. His articles from the spring of 1922 were regularly published in the pages of the magazines and newspapers of this city. The essays and satirical pamphlets reflected the main signs of life in the post-revolutionary years. The main object of Bulgakov's satire was the "scum of NEP" (in other words, the Nouveau riche-Nepman). Here it is necessary to note such novels of Mikhail Afanasievich as "The Cup of Life" and "Trillionaire". He was also interested in representatives of the population with a low level of culture: bazaar vendors, inhabitants of communal areas in Moscow, bureaucrat employees, etc. However, Mikhail Afanasyevich noticed new phenomena in the life of the country. So, in one of his essays he portrayed a symbol of new trends in the face of a schoolboy boy, who is walking with a brand new knapsack down the street.

The story "Fatal eggs" and features of creativity of the 1920s

The story "Fatal eggs" by Bulgakov was published in 1924. Its action takes place in an imaginary near future - in 1928. By this time the results of NEP were already obvious. In particular, the standard of living of the population has risen sharply (in the story that Mikhail Bulgakov created). The biography of the writer does not require a detailed acquaintance with his work, but the story of the work "Fatal eggs" we still retell in a nutshell. Professor Persikov made an important discovery that could be of great benefit to the whole of mankind. However, having fallen into the hands of self-confident, semi-literate people, representatives of the new bureaucracy that flourished under the military communism, and in the years of the NEP strengthened its positions, this discovery turns into a tragedy. Virtually all the heroes of Bulgakov's tales, created in the 1920s, fail. In his work, the writer seeks to convey to the reader the idea that society is not ready to learn new ways of relationships that are based on respect for knowledge and culture, to hard work.

"Running" and "Days of Turbines"

In Bulgakov's plays "Running" and "Days of Turbins" (1925-28), Mikhail Afanasyevich showed that the intelligentsia is hostile to all the authorities that succeeded each other during the Civil War. The heroes of these works are typical representatives of the so-called "new intelligentsia". At first they either were wary of the revolution, or fought against it. M. A. Bulgakov and himself attributed to this new layer. He described this with humor in his feuilleton entitled "The Capital in a Notepad". In it, he noted that a new intelligentsia, "iron", had appeared. It is capable of chopping wood, and furniture to load, and engage in x-rays. Bulgakov noted that he believes that she will survive, will not be lost.

Attacks on Bulgakov, Stalin's call

I must say that Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasievich (his biography and creativity confirm this) has always been sensitive to changes in Soviet society. He very seriously experienced the triumph of injustice, doubted the justification of certain measures. However, Bulgakov always believed in man. He was experienced and doubted by his heroes. Criticism took this unfriendly. Attacks on Bulgakov intensified in 1929. All his plays were excluded from the repertoires of theaters. Finding himself in a difficult situation, Mikhail Afanasyevich was forced to write a letter to the government requesting him to go abroad. After this, Mikhail Bulgakov's biography of Mikhail Afanasievich was marked by an important event. In 1930, Bulgakov was awarded the call of Stalin himself. The result of this conversation was the appointment of Mikhail Afanasievich to the post of director-assistant in the Moscow Art Theater. Again on the stages of the theaters appeared the plays of his plays. After a while, the production of the "Dead Souls" created by him was marked by a writer, such as Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasievich, a biography. His life, it would seem, is getting better. However, everything was not so simple ...

Bulgakov - banned author

Despite the external patronage of Stalin, in the Soviet press after 1927 there was not a single work by Mikhail Afanasievich, except for the excerpt from the play "Running" ("The Seventh Dream") in 1932 and the translation of Moliere's "Scoopy" in 1938. The case In the fact that Bulgakov was included in the list of banned authors.

What else is remarkable about the biography of Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasievich? It is not easy to tell about it briefly, because his life is marked by a lot of important events and interesting facts. It is worth saying that, despite all the difficulties, the writer did not think to leave his homeland. Even during the most difficult period (1929-30), he was hardly visited by the thought of emigration. In one of his letters, Bulgakov admitted that nowhere else, except for the USSR, is it possible, since for eleven years he drew inspiration from him.

The novel "Master and Margarita"

Mikhail Afanasyevich in 1933 tried to publish his work "The Life of Monsieur de Moliere" in the series "ZhZL". However, it failed again. After this, he no longer attempted to publish his creations until his death. The writer devoted himself entirely to the creation of the novel "The Master and Margarita." This work became his greatest achievement, as well as one of the best works of Russian and world literature of the 20th century. Twelve years of his life, Mikhail Afanasyevich gave work on it. The idea of the "Master and Margarita" appeared to him in the late 1920s as an attempt to philosophically and artistically comprehend socialist reality. The author considered the first versions of the work unsuccessful. For several years, Mikhail Afanasyevich constantly returned to the characters, trying on new conflicts and scenes. Only in 1932 acquired the plot completion of this work, the author of which is known to all (Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov).

The full biography of Bulgakov involves consideration of the question of the significance of his work. So let's talk about this.

The Importance of Bulgakov's Work

Showing that the white movement is doomed to failure, that the intelligentsia will certainly go over to the side of the Reds (the novel "The White Guard", the plays "Running" and "The Days of the Turbins") that society is in danger if a culturally and morally retarded person has the right to impose on others His will ("The Heart of a Dog"), Mikhail Afanasyevich made a discovery that was included in the system of national values of our country.

What else is interesting Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasevich? Biography, interesting facts related to him, and his work - on everything lies the seal of pain for a person. This feeling was invariably characteristic of Bulgakov as a continuer of the traditions of Russian and world literature. Mikhail Afanasyevich took only the literature that shows the suffering of real heroes. Humanism was the ideological core of Bulgakov's works. But the true humanism of a true master is close and dear to the reader always.

last years of life

In the last years of Mikhail Afanasyevich's life there was a feeling that his creative destiny had been ruined. Despite the fact that he continued to actively create, Bulgakov's works practically did not reach contemporary readers. This broke Mikhail Afanasyevich. His illness escalated, which led to an imminent death. Bulgakov died in Moscow on March 10, 1940. This concludes the biography of Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasievich, but his work is immortal. The remains of the writer rest on the Novodevichy cemetery.

The biography of Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasievich, summarized in this article, we hope you have caused a desire to get acquainted with his work more closely. The works of this author are very interesting and important, therefore, it is certainly worth reading. Mikhail Bulgakov, whose biography and work are studied at school, is one of the greatest Russian writers.