Basics of designing industrial enterprises

The efficiency of operation of industrial facilities is determined at the design stage. The characteristics of building materials, the choice of planning solutions and the interconnection scheme of the enterprise with the central communications in the end also determine the safety of the structure. But in addition to technical requirements, the design of industrial enterprises should be guided by sanitary and hygienic standards. In other words, only a set of accounting for existing requirements will allow developers to provide the customer with a modern, energy-efficient and safe-to-operate enterprise model.

Basic principles of design

The development of the project in each case pursues its own specific tasks, which take into account the specific nature of the enterprise's activities. There are nuances in creating design solutions for metallurgical enterprises, wood processing, food processing facilities, etc. Nevertheless, in all cases, the authors should be guided by the principles of optimizing the production process, minimizing side effects, increasing efficiency and ensuring safety. Often, some principles come into conflict with others. For example, the desire to improve the energy efficiency of production often affects the reduction of capacity. In such cases, the design of industrial enterprises should choose the optimal schemes from the point of view of the same standards.

Features of designing of industrial objects

To begin with, it is necessary to distinguish between ordinary industrial objects and special enterprises, whose activities are related to explosives. These are categories of productions belonging to the groups of increased fire danger, therefore for them in each case special technological standards are applied. In other cases, the general rules for the technical organization of space apply. For example, the total area of an object should be defined as the totality of all areas, including basements, basement and technical areas. The platform of the technical underground must be designed in accordance with the norms of SNiP clause 2.10. This applies to rooms with a ceiling height of less than 1.8 m. Also, the design system for industrial enterprises in the case of standard production facilities should take into account the introduction of automatic fire extinguishing systems. Again, this is mandatory for all objects regardless of the direction of activity.

Selection of a site for construction

Design work is impossible if there is no understanding of the conditions under which the enterprise will be organized. Therefore, the list of tasks of the designers also includes the coordination of the location of the future object. According to the SNiP, the main requirement in the selection should be compliance with the master plan of the urban development complex - the location of the enterprise should not contradict the designated purpose of the site. In accordance with sanitary regulations, facilities whose work is accompanied by the release of harmful substances, electromagnetic radiation, noise and strong vibrations, should not be located in one sanitary zone with residential buildings. Sanitary standards (SN) 245 extend the limiting requirements of the design of industrial enterprises for the most part precisely for objects that have a harmful effect on the ecological background and the comfort of living. However, if the work of the enterprise does not have such negative factors, it also allows the location within the boundaries of the sanitary zone.

Norms for the development of a planning solution

The basis for industrial enterprises is the object-planning solution, for which a wide range of requirements is provided. In particular, the requirements for mutual arrangement of premises are calculated on the basis of the expected intensity of technological flows, cross-lines of supply of raw materials, etc. The specific character of each particular enterprise already plays a role here. At the same time, the walls of the premises must provide for the possibility of natural light and airflow - at least in cases where this does not conflict with the production process. Often production facilities are supplied with fuel-generating equipment. In this regard, the design of industrial enterprises should take into account the possibility of exceeding the heat release to a level of more than 23 W / m ² . Designs and units with such heat dissipation should be located near external, but not internal walls. Often, project developers are faced with the need to create windowless buildings, which will initially lack a natural light. In such situations, it should be possible to organize an internal lighting system that is similar in its characteristics to the natural one.

Engineering Requirements

In industrial buildings, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting and, if necessary, the possibility of regulating temperature conditions should be provided. On some objects, individual communications are part of the technological process, so they should not be taken into account. For example, it can be a blower, which provides cleaning of filters by street streams of fresh air. In most cases, it is also planned to design power supply to industrial enterprises that connect to main power sources or work directly from generators. Requirements require enterprises to organize also points of reserve power supply. These can be autonomous sources of electricity - for example, working on diesel fuel or solid fuel.

Sanitary and hygienic standards

The norms of sanitary and hygienic requirements cover the issues of environmental impact on the environment, and ensuring the safety of workers in the enterprise. So, for premises without natural light with insufficient effect on the biological effect, sanitary standards for the design of industrial enterprises prescribe mandatory provision of normative artificial lighting supplemented with an erythemal irradiation device. There are also requirements of SNiP to the area of such premises - up to 200 sq. M. M.

At facilities where, due to already technological limitations, it is impossible to provide normative ventilation and an artificial lighting system, recreation rooms should be provided for workers. These zones are also regulated by the rules of SN 245. Sanitary standards for the design of industrial enterprises, in particular, indicate that there should be natural light transmission in the recreation areas with a coefficient of at least 0.5%. For periodic rest can also be used lobbies, halls, corridors and other sites that meet sanitary requirements.

Design Features in Cold Regions

First of all, the objects that are planned for construction in the northern part of the country should provide for improved hydro and thermal insulation. But this may not be enough to minimize the effect of cold flows. Therefore, the design standards of industrial enterprises also require that rooms with high humidity are not located near the outer walls. Facades, in turn, are designed without belts, niches and other structural parts, which can delay precipitation.

Conclusion

The design solution does not only give you an idea of the layout. Specialists should also give recommendations on the choice of building materials that best allow compliance with regulatory requirements. For example, the design of industrial enterprises may provide for separate lists of materials for the frame of a building, finishes, roofing, etc. In choosing designers are oriented towards ensuring the strength and safety of the future structure. The economic factor that often limits the choice of optimal solutions is also important, but the desire to minimize costs should not contradict the basic technical norms of design and construction.