Bashkortostan: the capital city of Ufa. Anthem, emblem and government of the Republic of Bashkortostan

The Republic of Bashkortostan (the capital - Ufa) is one of the sovereign states that make up the Russian Federation. The path of this republic to the current status was very difficult and long.

A bit of history

As far back as the 16th century, the Bashkirs voluntarily became subjects of the Russian state. They have many times risen with arms in hand against the infringement of their freedom, stipulated during accession to Russia, against social and national oppression. The revolution that took place in February 1917 caused a popular movement in the province. It was aimed at acquiring territorial autonomy. This movement was headed by AZ Validov.

Already during the power of the Soviets, in December 1917, the All-Bashkir constituent congress (kurultai) approved the idea of autonomy. The first Bashkir government was elected there. However, the civil war began, and only in the spring of 1919 it became possible to put this idea into practice. The Bashkir government, which was bent toward the reds and the whites, reached an agreement with the Soviet authorities on the formation of the Autonomous Bashkir Soviet Republic, which was part of Russia. On March 23, a communication was announced about this agreement. Since then, this day is considered the birthday of the Bashkir ASSR.

The rapid social, economic and cultural development of the region began soon after the formation of the autonomous republic. Impressive achievements of its population are undeniable. Even the UN rostrum spoke of them. It is also undeniable that the statehood of the various peoples of the USSR, solemnly proclaimed, was emasculated under conditions of totalitarianism. It turned out to be decorative.

The road to independence

The road to independence to the former autonomies was opened by democratic transformations, implemented in recent years. For Bashkiria, the holiday was October 11, 1990. It was then that an important document was adopted - the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of this republic. The first President of Bashkortostan (he became Murtaza Rakhimov) was elected in accordance with the new Constitution. The Supreme Council was transformed into a state bicameral Assembly. His election was held on March 5, 1995. Today, relations between this region and Russia are built on the basis of the Federal Treaty concluded between them. The president of Bashkortostan is Rustem Khamitov. He has held this post since 2010. The government of Bashkortostan is subordinate to it. This is the main executive body of the republic.

Anthem of Bashkortostan

It was approved on September 18, 2008 and is one of the symbols of this republic. The hymn of Bashkortostan is performed when closing and opening ceremonial meetings and meetings devoted to the state holidays of the Russian Federation and Bashkortostan, when the head of the republic takes office and other important events. The authors of the words in the Bashkir language are Rashit Shakur and Ravil Bikbaev. Translation into Russian was made by Svetlana Churaeva and Farit Idrisov. The latter is also the author of music.

Emblem of Bashkortostan

The emblem of the republic is also its national symbol. The law on the arms was adopted on October 12, 1993. The project was developed by Fazletdin Islakhov, artist of the publishing house Kitap.

On the arms is an image of a monument to the Bashkir national hero Salavat Yulaev. The monument is presented against the backdrop of the rising sun. The image is inscribed in a circle, framed by national ornament. The inflorescence of the kurai is presented below the monument, it is a symbol of the courage of peoples. Below is the ribbon, painted in the colors of the flag of Bashkortostan. It has the inscription "Bashkortostan". As for the color image, the ornament and the monument to S. Yulayev are golden, the flower of the kurai is green, the rays of the sun are yellow, and it is light golden in color, the background between the ornament and the monument is white, the outer and inner circles have a dark golden color .

Tell a little about Salavat Yulaev. He is a folk poet of Bashkortostan, who sang praises of the Batyrs, as well as his native nature. His work was passed on for a long time from mouth to mouth. It is permeated with the spirit of the struggle against oppression. Salavat is also a commander, an associate of Pugachev, who was elevated to the rank of foreman by the peasant "tsar". After the insurrection was suppressed, and Salavat was captured by the punitive forces, the Bashkirs were forbidden to be named after the children, any mention was made of the fate of this man, who spent nearly a quarter of a century in penal servitude.

However, the image placed on the coat of arms is not an individual person. It is a collective image of a jigit warrior who fights for justice and freedom. It symbolizes the unity and friendship of the peoples of Bashkortostan. The fact is that on the arms, according to the rules of heraldry, it is not customary to depict a specific person. But it should be borne in mind that the portrait image of S. Yulayev did not survive. Therefore, to represent the coat of arms of his image was in any case impossible.

History of the adoption of the arms

We will also talk about other projects that claimed to be a state symbol. The history of the adoption of the coat of arms is very remarkable. On the court of the commission, only 40 variants of the projects were submitted. One of them was chosen and proposed for consideration to a higher authority - the Supreme Council. This version of the emblem depicts Tolpar (winged horse), as well as the flag of Bashkortostan, vertically located. The frame was made in the form of a national ornament, and also there was an inscription "Bashkortostan". The horse symbolized the power of man, the aspiration of the Bashkir people in the future. After all, this animal is the true companion of man. He also personified loyalty to his duty, nobility. The horse is found in the epic legends of many peoples, including the Bashkir. Prosperity and rebirth symbolized the golden color of the ornament.

Another project of the coat of arms is a round shield divided into two parts. In the upper part of it was depicted on a white background the sun rising above the Urals, the rays of which diverge in all directions. In the lower half are painted in the blue color of the Ural Mountains. On their background a running white wolf is depicted. The coat of arms was decorated with a green border. In the mythological legends of the peoples of North America and Eurasia, the image of the wolf is associated primarily with the cult of the ancestor of the tribe and the leader of the fighting squad. From ancient times, the Turks had an idea of the wolf-progenitor. According to one of the hypotheses about where the word "bashkort" originated, it was associated with such a concept as "the wolf's head". It is believed that in the Southern Urals in the 7-8 centuries the Turkic khan, who was called Bashkort, laid the foundations of statehood. Later, he died in the war with Byzantium. Both of these projects were rejected by the Supreme Council after discussion.

General characteristic of Bashkortostan

The RF subject of interest currently occupies the territory of about 144 thousand square meters. Km. The regions of Bashkortostan are inhabited by about 4 million people, representatives of 80 nationalities. More than a quarter of them live in the capital, Ufa. Only 20 cities in the Republic of Bashkortostan. These cities (except for a few) were founded quite recently. A long history has only 4 of them (Birsk, Belebey, Sterlitamak, Ufa). The rest appeared in the years of industrial construction on the site of workers' settlements, when Bashkortostan was particularly active. The cities that are young are the following: Blagoveshchensk, Agidel, Davlekanovo, Beloretsk, Baimak, Meleuz, Kumertau, Ishimbay, Dyurtyuli, Salavat, Oktyabrsky, Neftekamsk, Tuymazy, Sibay, Yanaul, Uchaly.

The territory of this subject is relatively small. About 0.8% of the total area of the Russian Federation is occupied by Bashkortostan. Its ecology is determined by the culture and structure of production, climatic conditions and geographical location. The diversity of natural resources and conditions is characterized by this region. It is at the crossroads of Asia and Europe, in the transition zone to the Ural mountains from the East European Plain. Therefore, the nature of Bashkortostan combines features of heterogeneous spaces.

In the bowels of Bashkiria are almost all types of natural resources, which the Ural is famous for. In addition, the Urals has given the republic oil, thanks to which the rapid growth of industry began.

The districts of Bashkortostan are mostly inhabited by townspeople. However, in the regional economy, the role of agriculture remains significant. There are 51 rural areas, about 5 million hectares of arable land are occupied in the land fund. In terms of output of livestock and farming products, Bashkiria is one of the leading places among other subjects of the Russian Federation and the first in the Urals region.

Ufa

Ufa (Bashkortostan) is the capital of the region, a large industrial, administrative, scientific and cultural center of the Urals. This city is located on the bank of the river. White. Ufa is located 100 km west of the South Urals, and the distance from Moscow is 1519 km. 53 km - the length of the capital of Bashkortostan from north to south, 28 km - from west to east.

The city of Ufa is rich in water resources, forests. It is located in an area of hilly plains, which makes it attractive for skiing. Several sports complexes were arranged in Ufa and are very popular: Biathlon, Tramplin, Olympic Park, Ak Yort.

Etymology of the name of the capital

Researchers still do not have an unequivocal opinion about the etymology of the name "Ufa". According to the theory of NK Dmitriev, the largest Turkologist, the name goes back to the word "uba", in the ancient Turkic language meaning "mountainous place", "mound", "hill". According to another version, it originated from the hydroman "Uppa", the ancient name of the river "Ufa", which is of Finno-Ugric origin. There is also an unlikely version of the legend, according to which the traveler who stopped to rest on the site of the foundation of this city, said "Uf, Alla", which means "Oh, Allah!"

Ancient and modern city of Ufa

In ancient times, on the site of today's Ufa was a large and rich city. Probably, it was commercial, through it there were caravan routes connecting different cities of the Volga region, Siberia, Central Asia. The official history is counted from the moment the fortress was built, that is, since 1574.

Ufa today is a large transport hub. It is located at the intersection of air, rail, road, pipeline, river mains that connect the European part of our country with Siberia and the Urals. Ufa is the only city in Russia (with the exception of Moscow), in which two federal routes converge: M5 "Ural" and M7 "Volga". The airport of the capital of Bashkortostan carries out international flights to the states of Asia and Europe.

G. Ufa (Bashkortostan), when viewed from above looks like a huge hourglass, put on its side. A bridge along which a stream of cars flows from one part of it to another is a rapid prospectus, the length of which is more than 10 km.

Restoration of the historical appearance

What else can be said about such a city as Ufa (Bashkortostan)? The capital of the region has been actively developing lately, the number of its population has increased rapidly compared to the last century. In Ufa at the beginning of the last century there were about 50-60 thousand inhabitants. Today there are more than 1.1 million. About 40% of industrial potential is concentrated in the capital. The city quickly grew upward and in breadth. Time constantly erased traces of the past. Of course, new buildings are joyful and desirable, but it becomes more and more obvious that the old Ufa is lost, that a new generation of city dwellers can not have a clear idea of how it looked before. Therefore, it was decided to restore some streets as they were at the dawn of the last century. The best roofers, carpenters, stove-makers started to work. They came from all parts of the republic. Today, the exposition of the Museum of Ethnography is located in the premises of the memorial complex created by a common labor. In it you can learn about the various peoples inhabiting Bashkortostan. In these rooms, temporary exhibitions are also arranged, which correspond to the nature of this museum.

Architectural appearance of Ufa

In general, we can say that there are very few ancient buildings in Ufa. Almost the whole city was built in the last decades. Therefore, the architectural appearance of Ufa - the abundance of concrete and glass. In the design of the city, however, the motives of people's Bashkir art, national ornament were used. The style, however, turned out to be international. This is due to the mutual influence of different cultures of the peoples of the USSR.

To this day, however, some temples belonging to the era of classicism have survived. This is the Church of the Savior (built in 1824) and the Intercession Church (1823). Noteworthy are other architectural monuments: the governor's house, the Bishop's house, the Lenin house-museum (pictured above), the building of the noble assembly, the house of ST Aksakov, the house of MV Nesterov.

Cultural and educational institutions

When meeting with the city, you should pay attention to the theater of opera and ballet (pictured below). It is a beautiful monument of architecture. In the walls of the theater, national ballet and opera were born and grew. Outstanding artists of Leningrad and Moscow took part in the development of this cultural institution. Rudolf Nureyev, the great master of dance, shone before the audience in these walls.

The center of Bashkortostan, where until 1919 there was not a single theater, now boasts 10 state. In addition, the local philharmonic gathers many listeners. Today, the Drama Theater is especially popular among them. Majita Gafuri, the same age as the republic. His performances always collect a full room.

Graduates of schools have a wide choice. In Bashkortostan, there are more than 30 universities in various areas of training.

Banks of Ufa

Today in Ufa there are 83 banks. They are represented by 1,776 ATMs and 430 offices. These banks are ready to provide 274 money lending programs, 12 deposits, 28 mortgage lending programs, 19 business loans and 29 auto loans to clients. As you can see, from this point of view it does not lag behind other large cities of the Russian Federation Ufa. Currency, loans, deposits, mortgages - all this is of interest to many today, so it seemed to us relevant to mention also the banks that are located on the territory of the capital of this region.

So, we have told in general terms about such a subject of our country as Bashkortostan. His capital was also briefly characterized. This region, as you can see, has a rich history and traditions. The culture of the Republic of Bashkortostan is a separate interesting topic.