A workplace is what? Workplace of the employee: types, accounting and attestation

The workplace is the primary link of the production and technical structure of any enterprise, necessary for the implementation of the management, maintenance and production process. It is in this zone that all these elements come together and the ultimate goal of labor is achieved - finished products are produced, services are provided, etc. At any enterprise, the correct organization of the workplace must be carried out. This will make it possible to use labor as efficiently as possible, as well as tools and means of production. All this will ultimately affect the cost of finished products, its quality, as well as many other economic indicators.

Definition

A workplace is a zone that is assigned to each individual organizational unit of the enterprise. This may be a certain area of the production premises on which hoisting, transportation, technological or auxiliary equipment is installed. Most often, such zones are assigned to a group of workers.

Some part of the production process is carried out here . Each workplace has its own specific features. This is due to the specifics of the production process, as well as to the variety of forms that specific labor possesses. But the fact, in what condition the workplaces in the enterprise are, speaks about the level of organization of labor.

Primary requirements

The workplace is the area of the enterprise where one or more performers carry out their labor activity using the technical means installed there. In such areas, the main goal of the whole production is achieved. It consists in the implementation of established technological standards, as well as in the timely, high-quality and economical manufacture of the final product. To achieve this goal, certain requirements must be fulfilled already when the employee's workplace is organized. This will allow the most rational use of human and material resources. Among the existing requirements are:

• Organizational;
• Technical;
• Ergonomic;
• Economic.

As for organizational requirements, each workplace must be rationally located in the process area for their implementation. This factor affects the performance of the performer. In addition, the employer must find the most acceptable option, in which the rational maintenance of the workplace will be carried out. This will allow to supply the executor with materials and raw materials, details and preparations, and also with an instrument. The fulfillment of organizational requirements will make it possible, as soon as possible, to repair equipment and equipment, to clean waste, and also provide harmless and safe conditions for a person.

From a technical point of view, it is necessary to install progressive equipment in the workplace. There must be all the instrumentation, tools and lifting and transport equipment that the technological process needs.

Ergonomic requirements must be met at the design stage of the equipment, as well as in the implementation of workplace planning. This will reduce the fatigue of the performer in the long and monotonous repetition of a certain type of movement.

In addition to all of the above, there is a need for optimal employment of the performer. And for this in the organization of the workplace must take into account all economic requirements. This will affect the level of labor productivity, as well as the quality of the final product.

Classification

The human workplace is a diverse, often specific and unique. That is why there are no uniform requirements for its planning, equipment, and maintenance. Everything depends on the specific production, and also on the industry to which it belongs. Workplaces can only be roughly classified according to the main distinctive features. This will make it possible to apply the general requirements and rules that exist within each of the groups.

One of the most basic classification features is the level of automation and mechanization of work performed. On it, the zones where performers perform their duties are divided into five groups. Let us consider them in more detail.

Workplaces using manual labor

In these production zones, the final product is the result of the energy expenditure of the worker. The performer performs labor operations with the help of a hand tool. An example is the assembling of mechanisms and assemblies without the use of instruments, the development of soil with a shovel or kyle, etc. Everything that is done in such workplaces has high labor intensity and low productivity. Of course, it is unprofitable for the enterprise. However, it is impossible to completely exclude manual labor and, correspondingly, such jobs from the technological process. In them, for example, there is a need for repair of equipment installed in this area.

Work places for machine and manual labor

At these production sites, the final product is obtained using various mechanisms. However, here, in addition to machines, it is impossible to do without the participation of a person who gives part of his energy costs. An example of such a production is the planing of the board by an electric plane or the sawing of wood with the use of a circular saw.

Workplaces for mechanized labor

They are created in the case when all the stages of the technological process are carried out with the help of mechanisms and machines. The human role in this is to manage these means of labor, control over the quality of products.

This group of jobs differs from the two previous ones in that the performer spends his own energy in the course of performing his labor duties only on auxiliary movements. An example of this is the management of a vehicle, a sewing machine, and so on.

Automated production

If all technological operations are performed by automatic machines or mechanisms, then the role of man is reduced only to their launching, as well as to stopping and controlling the release of products. In this case, an automated workplace is created. This can be a fairly large area for servicing several automatic mechanisms by one performer.

Hardware workstation

This zone differs from those that exist in mechanized and automated industries. Here is a special equipment (apparatus), which for the production of the final product converts thermal, electrical or chemical energy. In this case, as in automated production, a person is left to observe the operation of equipment, controlling the readings of devices.

Other classification

The allocation of jobs to groups can be carried out depending on:

1. Type of production and repeatability of operations of the technological process. These jobs are created in a single and serial, mass and large-scale production.
2. Degrees of specialization.
3. Constancy of location. In this case, a mobile and stable (stationary) workstation is allocated. This will also have an impact on their work organization. A stable zone is needed, for example, in machine building when servicing machine tools. When using what equipment is a stationary workstation created? These are heavy, large and complex aggregates. When creating mobile workplaces, it is envisaged to use a portable light instrument, as well as the means intended for its movement. In this case, you can select a permanent workplace. This is the zone where the performer is continuously more than two hours of his workday or more than 50% of this time. The workplace can be unstable. Here the performer is, respectively, less than two hours in a row or less than 50% of his working time.
4. Number of performers. At the same time, collective (brigade) and individual jobs are distinguished.
5. Number of units of technological equipment to be serviced. For example, there are multi-station and one-stop jobs.
6. Functions of the artist. So, there are jobs for specialists and employees, managers, security, etc.
7. Profession artist. For example, the workplace of a doctor or an accountant, a machinist or a joiner.
8. Locations (indoors or outdoors).
9. Replacements (1-, 2-, 3- and 4-replaceable).
10. Time of use (temporary or permanent).

Organization of workplaces

Prior to the commencement of any production process, it is necessary to implement a system of measures aimed at equipping the zone where the performer fulfills his labor duties, objects and means of labor. In other words, the workplace must be prepared. This will ensure the optimal functioning of a rather complex system, which includes man, machine and environment. Only if the conditions for the consistency of these parameters are met, the labor process will have reliability and high efficiency.

To create a comfortable working posture, as well as optimal loads on all the muscles of a person, you need to apply knowledge of anthropological characteristics. At the same time, an ergonomic survey of workplaces is performed, which takes into account the physiological characteristics of the performers and assesses their movements.

In addition, all objects located in this zone should have such shapes, colors, sizes that would correspond to auditory, tactile, visual and other mental and physiological characteristics of a person. Illumination and humidity, noise and temperature, dust emission and vibration - all this should also be taken into account at a time when a mobile or permanent workplace is just being designed. This will allow to meet all sanitary and hygienic requirements, which are developed by the current legislation with a view to ensuring safe and healthy working conditions.

Organization of quota jobs

Employment and employment are key elements of social integration and economic independence of those people whose opportunities are limited. For those who are particularly in need of social protection and experiencing difficulties in finding available vacancies in enterprises, a certain quota is established by law. It denotes the minimum number of jobs that an employer must allocate for such a group of citizens. Moreover, the employment of such people is the responsibility of any enterprise, regardless of its organizational and legal form.

The quota workplace is an additional guarantee of employment of citizens. Its creation protects against unemployment those who have low competitiveness in the labor market.

In an organization with more than a hundred employees, there must necessarily be more than one quota workplace. This is the duty of the employer. It is enshrined in the law "On the Social Protection of Persons with Disabilities in the Russian Federation". What should be the quota of jobs? This is established after the calculation (from 2 to 4 percent of the average number of employees).

Planning of the workplace

The zone in which the performer is located should be appropriately placed in space. At the same time, it is important that it be functionally interconnected with equipment, means of production, objects of labor and all necessary for the conduct of the labor process. When planning the workplace, it is necessary to place objects and tools so that the performer does not have to do unnecessary movements. This will reduce its fatigue and increase work efficiency.

The layout of the workplace must be done taking into account ergonomic requirements. They envisage the rational formation of labor zones, as well as the choice of such an arrangement of tools and materials that would provide the worker with the required operational space and at the same time save production space.

Conducting job analysis

In the management of personnel in any enterprise, you can identify certain stages. The very first of these includes the analysis of jobs. This should be done to design these areas and improve the quality of working life.

The analysis is the differentiation of the workplace. In the process of its study, the tasks that are being solved by the contractor are studied, as well as the basic requirements for education, responsibility and experience necessary for the employment at this place of work.

To collect the necessary information, one of four methods can be applied:

• Interview (interview);
• Observation;
• Questioning;
• Drawing up the list of duties of the employee.

Applying one of these methods, first of all, it is necessary to collect data on the zone where the performer performs his duties, and then to study the production process.

Conducting certification of workplaces

The labor legislation of the Russian Federation provides for the employer's obligation to periodically evaluate labor conditions in those zones where performers perform their duties. Attestation of workplaces is an activity in the course of which harmful, as well as dangerous, factors that threaten human health are identified.

The procedure for carrying out such an assessment and formalizing its results is enshrined in the order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia, published on 26.04.2011. According to this document, the workplace is subject to certification, where:

• Machines, equipment, installations, mechanisms, vehicles and vehicles are operated, and their adjustment, repair and testing are carried out;
• There are sources of hazards that have a harmful effect on humans;
• Materials and raw materials are stored, moved and used;
• A manual, mechanized or electrified tool is used.

Certification of workplaces is an activity that can be:

• Primary;
• Repeated;
• Unplanned.

5S-system

There is a certain technique that allows to organize the space of the labor zone correctly and rationally. It is called "5S-system of workplaces". This method aims to create optimal conditions to maintain order and cleanliness, to maintain accuracy, and to save energy and time. 5S is a lean tool developed by Toyota in the post-war years. The introduction of this technique at the enterprise is an important step towards increasing the competitiveness of the goods it produces. After all, only in an orderly and clean environment is it possible to produce quality items that would meet all the requirements of customers. The 5S method creates real prerequisites for this. It consists of five consecutive steps.

On the first of them, sorting is carried out, followed by the removal of all unnecessary, located in the workplace. This will undoubtedly affect the improvement of safety and the culture of work. All sorts of employees should be involved in sorting and identifying unnecessary items for the process. Further, excess items are disposed of or transferred to storage sites.

The second step of the technique is the observance of order and self-organization. In this case, each place must be found. All items are placed in a zone accessible to each user. To quickly find the right tool or other thing, you need to label them.

The third step of the technique involves systematic cleaning of the workplace and compliance with cleanliness. A certain system is created, where nothing is more polluted. Frequent and regular cleaning is carried out in each of the working areas. At the same time, all tools are in good order and in places where they can be easily found. Periodic cleaning of equipment, provided by this technique, helps to prevent possible malfunctions in the operation of mechanisms.

The fourth step is the standardization of the process. It is a written consolidation of the most effective solutions that are found in the implementation of the first three stages. In this case, the technique becomes clear and easy to remember. Also at the fourth stage, standards are developed for working on safety and maintenance equipment. All of them are recorded in the documents published at the enterprise.

The fifth step is the improvement of discipline. Only the employee, who fulfills all the rules of the internal order, is able to work qualitatively and efficiently.

The 5S technique is used to standardize work areas and design an organization. The implementation of all the steps is an important prerequisite for improving work safety, increasing work efficiency. The main idea of the technique is that the rules provided by it are fulfilled by all employees. It concerns both the cleaner and the director. The main advantage of this concept is that all of the above actions do not need the development of any special management theories and technologies.