Which executive authority in the Russian Federation is exercised by which body? Structure of the executive power of the Russian Federation. Government of the RF

After the collapse of the USSR in the early nineties of the last century, an independent state was formed - the Russian Federation. There was a new flag, a hymn and, most importantly, a new Constitution. In Article 10 of the Basic Law, which was adopted by referendum in 1993, the state power was divided into three branches.

Differences from the old system

In the Soviet Union the term "state management" was used, it had a clear structure and hierarchy. It has changed that now the executive power in the Russian Federation is exercised by a system that is independent of the legislative and judicial. And it is clearly spelled out in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Exercising power

According to the Constitution, the executive power in the Russian Federation is implemented by a two-tier system. At the highest level, these are federal subjects, and on the local level - regional actors. A single hierarchical structure is formed.

But independence does not mean isolation, isolation from one another. All kinds of state. The authorities closely interact with each other. Only in the theory of French enlighteners is this isolation ideal for democracy, even, perhaps, a confrontation in the interests of the whole society. In practice this is a utopia. This state of affairs leads to a political impasse, the collapse of the entire political system.

Subjects

Executive power in the Russian Federation is implemented by a unified system through the functioning of special subjects with appropriate competence. As such, the executive bodies of the Russian Federation are acting. The basic law organizes all power in the country on the principle of federalism. The difference between a federation and a unitary state is that there is a two-tier system of executive power in the Russian Federation with local regional laws. The government is the supreme body of the executive power of the Russian Federation, to which executive subjects in the field are subordinate.

The difference between executive and administrative

Executive and administrative power is not the same thing. The latter serves only as an extrajudicial measure of coercion. Administrative power is only one of the tools to achieve the goals of the executive branch, and it is not limited to extrajudicial coercion.

Legally, most of the orders at all levels are carried out extrajudicially. This applies not only to the executive but also to the legislature. But it is wrong to assert that they are exercising administrative power.

Leverage Effects

How are the directives and orders implemented? For this, the most influential services and organizations have been transferred to subordination. These are financial, internal affairs agencies, the army, security services, corrective labor organizations, etc.

It should be noted that public administration as a concept is not reflected in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It is a mistake to believe that this is the executive branch. The governance of the state is much broader, and it includes both the executive branch and other institutions of power.

Functions of the executive branch

Allocate its following functions:

• The direction of the policy of programs of federal significance. Examples include privatization, nationalization, the development of a unified energy system, and so on.

• Correct regulation and maintenance of legal order in the economic sphere of society. Examples are the activities of the antimonopoly service, the protection of private property, the support of enterprises or some industry, etc.

• Effective management of public sector enterprises. It is a mistake to believe that everything in our country is privatized. There are many state corporations, public-private partnerships.

• Control and supervision over the work of various spheres of the society. Examples include the monitoring of the activities of Rosobrnadzor in the field of education, the Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Medicine, Rospotrebnadzor in the field of nutrition and consumer protection, and so on.

Symptoms

The first sign is subordination, when the subordinate authority is subordinate to the superior. The Government of the Russian Federation is the highest executive authority of the Russian Federation, the main institution in this system.

The second sign is organization. There is a whole system for implementing laws at all levels of the state.

The third sign is ubiquity. Wherever there are human collectives, one way or another there is an executive.

The fourth sign is huge resources. Executive power in the Russian Federation is carried out by a whole system with wide possibilities: legal, economic, information, power, technical services. All of them are subordinated to a single management center for maintaining the fullness of executive power.

The fifth sign is the force extrajudicial impact. To this end, there are many compulsory services: the army, police, state security agencies, the national guard, etc.

The sixth sign is control over the executive power. This is an obligatory condition of the rule of law. Despite the separation of powers, for effective enforcement of all laws, broad control is required, which can be exercised by parliament, the Accounting Chamber, the Prosecutor's Office. The institute of presidency in the Russian Federation has a broad control authority. Of great importance are democratic institutions - free media, civil society, initiative groups of control, etc.

System and structure of the executive power of the Russian Federation

The greatest difficulty is caused by the hierarchy. Executive power is exercised by a system of executive bodies that is part of the overall structure of state power. They are established by the state itself with a view to implementing all laws and regulations adopted by the relevant competent authorities.

The executive bodies of the Russian Federation are part of a unified management system. However, their list is not defined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Classification

From the role, scope of activity, competence, method of education are distinguished:

1 . Russia is a federal state. Hence there is both a federal executive authority of the Russian Federation, and a regional one. The president and his administration are not formally part of this structure, but actively control it. The head of state is the guarantor of constitutional norms, as well as of the rights and freedoms of citizens, therefore, he is obliged to monitor and correct the work of all government bodies. But legally, the president does not belong to this structure. The supreme executive body of the Russian Federation is the government headed by the chairman.

2. Depending on the competence, bodies of general, sectoral and intersectoral competence are singled out. The first can include regional governments and administrations of the regions and regions. As an example of bodies of sectoral competence, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry for Emergency Situations, etc. can be cited. The interdisciplinary services include the employment service of the population, the statistics bodies.

3. Depending on the order of resolution of issues, the structure of the executive power of the Russian Federation is divided into collegial bodies and single-parent bodies. The first discuss the most important issues (the government of the Russian Federation as the supreme body of state power of the Russian Federation, the governments of the regions, committee meetings, etc.). Uniform authorities are usually those that work in the regular mode to eliminate bureaucratic red tape.

The role of the Head of State in the functioning of the executive branch

Formally, as already noted above, the president of the Russian Federation is not part of the executive system. He stands "above all branches", and his power forms the fourth branch - the presidential one. Hence the possible misunderstanding of who exactly heads the government of the Russian Federation, the executive branch to whom it must obey. The correct answer is to the chairman, who is directly appointed by the head of state.

Constitutional subordination to the President of the Russian Federation

The Basic Law contains a number of articles that "subordinate" the government to the president. In particular, Art. 83 of the Basic Law. According to this article, the president of the Russian Federation appoints the chairman of the government of the Russian Federation. Therefore, it can be assumed that if the prime minister obeys the head of state, then all the executive bodies of the government of the Russian Federation also obey him.

Role of the State Duma in the appointment of the Chairman

Whatever it was, the president should appoint the chairman of the government with the approval of the State Duma. Perhaps this was done with the goal of productive interaction between these institutions of power. Thus, it can legally appear that the Russian Federation is a parliamentary republic. The State Duma only approves the candidacy of the head of the executive power proposed by the president. The parliament can not propose its candidates, nor does it participate in the formation of the Cabinet of Ministers.

But even here everything is not so simple. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the president offers only two. If the candidature is rejected, the State Duma is dissolved. New elections are being appointed to the lower legislative chamber. Also, the president has the right to offer the same person both times. After the dissolution, he can calmly approve the candidacy disagreeable to the Duma. Thus, it is evident that the legislative body will be more "affected", and the necessary head of government will still be approved. Such a procedure turns the statement of the lower legislative chamber into a mere formality.

But after that, the president's influence on the executive branch is not limited. According to the Constitution, he can release the chairman of the government of the Russian Federation. In addition, it is the president of the Russian Federation who confirms these ministers on the proposal of the prime minister. And, judging by the fact that the number of such deviations is not established in the Basic Law, it is infinite.

Naturally, in practice this is unlikely to happen. But in theory it is legally possible. From this it may seem that the head of state actually forms the government and single-handedly appoints its head. But this is not so, although under the Constitution he is allowed to preside at a government meeting. And the Federal Law "On the Government of the Russian Federation" gives him this right also at the presidium.

But, despite this, the head of the government is legally the head. According to the Constitution, it is his competence to determine the direction of work of the highest executive body, the organization of his work. He also has a decisive voice. The executive bodies of the government of the Russian Federation are directly subordinated to the chairman.

Summing up, we can conclude that the executive branch is aimed at the practical implementation of orders and laws of higher bodies. These include by-laws of the head of state, regulatory legal acts of the legislature, federal laws and other legal documents regulating its activities. In addition, it has powerful tools for their implementation. Entire systems of economic, informational, power and other types of influence directly subordinate to it. Therefore, it is inextricably linked with the concept of public administration. But you can not equate them. Despite the fact that the executive power is a huge layer of state power, the latter concept is much broader and includes other power institutions in the country, such as the institution of the presidency, legislative subjects of power and others.

The well-being, peace and stability of the country depend on a coordinated system of state power. It's one thing to issue laws, but if citizens see that no one is doing them, that the authorities are not coping with their work, chaos, ochlocracy, political instability is coming. This could be observed at the end of the last century. After the fall of authoritarian state by the standards of the state, a new law appeared in our country - legal and democratic. Basic declarations of the Constitution have remained the same: the rights and freedoms of citizens, equality in court, the independence of judges, the principle of the presumption of innocence, etc. But in reality the picture looked a little different. In the absence of a strong and strong-willed power, namely, the executive, all this came to naught. Lawlessness, violence, tax evasion, total corruption led to such upheavals and devastation, from which even many states leading military operations did not suffer.

The Russian executive power at the present stage of its development is subject to quantitative and qualitative changes. After all, it does not just blindly implement laws and monitor their implementation. This government is also struggling with many external threats. For example, it is combating terrorism and extremism both inside the country and abroad, with man-made disasters, forest fires. In their subordination for this purpose are such federal services as the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the State Security Service, the newly created National Guard. Of course, some of the services are personally subordinated to the head of state, but they fulfill the same goals and collectively monitor the calm and constitutional order in the country.