What if the technique works at different "levels"? When does she "communicate" in different languages? It would be difficult to achieve a constructive implementation of the functional, if not for useful additions.
What is a controller
This is the name of an electronic device that is used to connect various peripheral devices to the computer's main lines , which differ in their interface, principle of operation, and design. On the meaning of the word "adapter" is suitable for the controller. Speaking of them, we can say that their purpose is the same. But the controller still calls more complex devices. It is understood as devices that can perform independent actions after the commands have been received from the program that manages them. So, as part of a complex controller, you can have your own processor. But if viewed from the point of view of the average user, then these concepts are indistinguishable and can be considered synonymous. That's what a controller is.
Additional
Why do I need to use controllers other than the above mediation? The presence of such devices allows you to reduce the load that comes with the CPU. Thanks to this, the system's performance is significantly increased. The mechanism of such help is that controllers release computer central processors from the slowest input or output operations. For the first time the idea of using special intelligent circuits that will unload the CPU was realized in the third generation of the IVM-360 collective computers. In the Soviet Union was a specific analogue of the EU computer. By the appearance of the fourth generation there was a technological possibility of collecting the control system within the framework of a single crystal. Thus, the first microcontrollers appeared.
What is included in it
Now this is a very complex technical unit, which has been significantly refined since its development. The modern average controller has its own microprocessor, registers of external devices, thanks to which the device of the CPU, RAM, ROM, matching (buffer) circuits are implemented. That's what a controller is. To imagine what this complex device is, imagine a simplified specialized electronic computer that deals only with a certain range of actions - for example, interacts with a keyboard that is connected to a computer. As soon as a key is pressed, this information is transferred to the central processor, where it is already processed accordingly.
Work with computer
How does the controller work with a personal computer? To do this, it is necessary to have the appropriate program and data in its RAM. They come here from various devices, such as a keyboard, disks, mice. Usually for their designation the term "external" is used. Although for the sake of fairness it should be noted that some of them (such as a floppy disk drive) are located inside the computer's system unit. The result of processing by an electronic computer is also output to external devices, such as a printer, disks, flash drives and a monitor. To summarize, we can say that for the full operation of the personal computer there must be data exchange. It is called I / O. For the exchange of data to perform the functions assigned to it, two links must work:
- Each external device connected to a personal computer has an electronic circuit that is used for control. And it is controlled by the controller driver.
- Each of them interacts with RAM through the system data bus - the bus. All the components of the personal computer that must work are connected to it using the system expansion connectors, which are called slots.
For what they can still be applied? Here the Simple Communications controller is used to monitor the temperature of the constituent parts of the system unit. After all, overheating can cause something to melt and break down. Therefore, there was provided such a device, which as a reaction can include / strengthen the cooling system or weaken the performance of the component. In order for any device to function properly, controller drivers are required. For Windows 7 or another operating system, there are own system files that organize the operation of the device with a personal computer.
Schematic images and their dependence on specialization
Now a little about the schemes. The fact is that there is no one universal and recognized. This is due to the fact that the controllers exist for different purposes, and they must perform different functions. It is because of this that we do not have to talk about their universality. Just think about how a monitor controller can make a printer work if it does not have the necessary hardware component. Therefore, there are still several samples placed in the article, but they are shown here for informational purposes only, in order to have an idea of how these devices are designed. But the controller circuit for each specific case should be selected separately.
Conclusion
So, we looked at what a controller is. As you can see, they play quite a significant role in the improvement of such technical systems as computers. Of course, you can do without them, but then you will have to talk about significant difficulties and a drop in production capacity. Although, if you look at each controller individually, you might first wonder how such a weak device can help. In fact, most of them have insignificant characteristics, which can be a few megabytes or even kilobytes. That is, they can perform even a few tens of thousands of operations per second! But believe me, if these tasks were transferred to the central processor, it would spend significantly more because of the complexity of the organization.