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Water intake facilities from underground sources

To receive water from surface sources and deep layers, water intake facilities are arranged. They are located on the banks of reservoirs, rivers, lakes. For industrial purposes, structures on the shores of the seas are used and then fed into the pressure pipeline. If there is no fresh water in the coastal areas , then a desalination and seawater purification system is used in accordance with economic and technical justifications.

For the extraction of water from underground currents, deep-type structures are arranged with the use of a pumping system. Coastal structures with fluctuating water level in the reservoir are built on artificially created grounds, piles, a foundation for protecting the station from ice and floating objects. By the method of location water intake facilities are shore, special and gravity (channel).

Varieties of stations

Channel stations of a gravity type are built on the shore of a shallow pond with a slight gentle slope and weak soil. Their design includes a receiving well, a free-flow pipeline, a head guard protected by a grid. The resulting water is fed through a pump system to the pressure line for further use. Crowd rests are completely submerged, flooded only when spilled, or superficial. The pump station works together with a water intake or is installed as an independent device.

On the steep banks of the reservoirs, shore-based water intake facilities are provided, which in the construction do not contain headers and pipelines. The water intake is provided through the holes, since its level allows it to be done under any conditions. The shore well is arranged half a meter above the highest elevation of the water level, a pumping station is necessarily put up. If this indicator in the river fluctuates significantly, then the well has several separate sections in accordance with the number of suction lines. The upper windows serve to collect the surface layer during the flood, which makes it possible to take a clean liquid.

A special type of water intake stations is used if there is a need for a large volume of liquid or if the climate assumes constant struggle with ice crusts. In such water intakes, an artificial bucket is constructed according to the type of the canal. Its dimensions are determined depending on the rate of floating of deep-lying ice blocks. Buckets with a grass-roots method are placed along the mouth of the mouth to receive near-bottom currents and to deal with deep ice. Buckets with an upper entrance are intended for installation in the mouth against the flow and serve to receive a surface clarified liquid. Such types of water intake structures allow digging buckets in the coastal rock to a depth of 3.5 m or to take them to the riverbed, separating the dam.

With the help of filtration and cleaning facilities, a well-clarified liquid is obtained in a flood or ice drift. Before feeding into the pressure line, the moisture is filtered through a thick layer of gravel and sand layers, naturally located on the bottom or banks, only then it is accepted by shaft, tubular or horizontal devices.

If it is required to provide a temporary supply of water, build floating or mobile water intake facilities. For the location of mobile stations on the shore of the reservoir, there are railways with a slope, according to which they move depending on the level of water rise. Floating structures are arranged on anchored barges or pontoons. The drawbacks of temporary water intakes include that all pipelines are made from flexible materials, and this leads to their premature deterioration and inconvenience of use during the ice-free period.

To extract moisture from the gravel and sandy soils of the upper non-pressure horizontal layer, shaft wells are arranged. The material for them is concrete on a metal frame. Water enters the receivers through openings in the walls and floor. The bottom of the well is equipped with a reverse filter layer consisting of sand up to 0.6 m thick and several layers of gravel with a total thickness of up to 0.15 m. Above the ground surface, the well protrudes by 0.8 m. The walls are protected by a clay lock with a thickness of up to 0.5 m , Which goes under the ground by 0,3-1,2 m. An adjacent concrete blind area with a slope from walls with a width of 1-1.5 m is necessarily arranged.

The operation of water intake facilities in the northern regions is complicated by the severe winter climate, when open water bodies freeze. The facilities are used only during the period of ice melting. The northern areas are characterized by an almost complete lack of underground sources, rare waters contain a large amount of minerals and are not suitable for drinking. The intake of moisture in winter is scarce, so it is taken from the layers located under the frozen ground. To increase the water level in reservoirs, artificial dams are arranged and the area of reservoirs is expanded, thus contributing to the regulated recharge of rivers and lakes from underground non-freezing sources.

Kinds of sources

The intake of water for use in cities and villages is carried out from surface and underground layers. The aquifers in the thickness of the ground are pressure and non-pressure. Horizontal layers at the surface or in the thickness of rivers, lakes are called ground. Groundwater is characterized by increased pollution and must be cleaned before entering the pressure water supply.

Pressurized water completely fill the horizontal strata, located below the neighboring reservoirs or serve for their recharge. Artesian springs have valuable clean water, for their extraction suits such types of water intake facilities, which in the design do not contain cleaning devices. In the well for receiving water from the pressure horizontal layer there is a conditional line of fluid lifting that coincides with the level of the surface of the nearest water body. If such a line passes above the surface of the soil, the moisture is poured out of the well, which is called artesian.

Pressurized and non-pressurized water seeping to the surface of the ground, form descending and ascending keys that supply water of high quality, which is used for drinking purposes without the use of expensive cleaning systems. Qualitative indicators of the source, such as power, depth of occurrence, saturation with minerals, are used to select the type of structure of the water intake station. In this case, take into account the technical and economic considerations and the need for a certain type of liquid (for industrial, drinking, household needs).

Location Selection Terms

The construction of water intake facilities is based on the forecasts of the properties of the liquid from the selected source, the need for re-equipment of the coastal zone, the reformation of the river bed or other body of water and the hydraulic working conditions. When the water level is changed more than 6 m and the steep bank of the shore is sufficient for normal water supply, combined coastal structures are built.

If the average production is planned, in view of the low height of the water rise, water intakes with pumping complexes are combined. The water receivers of a separate type are built at the required low productivity and great depth of the reservoir. If the surface water fluctuation is less than 6 m, the depth is small, then the channel type of water intake with the pumping station is used in the design of the shore receiver.

Hydraulic calculation

Hydraulic calculation is used to determine optimal pipeline parameters. Take into account the throughput of pipes and other elements for the entire design life. The water flow is defined as the need for it during the maximum analysis by the connected consumers. On the basis of these data, the diameters of the pipes necessary for economically advantageous passing of the specified mass with the least losses are calculated.

Make an axonometric diagram indicating the direction from the input to the connected water supply node, choosing the location with the least number of turns. The lengths of the sections from one node to the other are calculated, taking into account the number of fluid sampling points. The diameter of the pipes varies in another area, within the same pipe section, they are of the same size. Construction of water intake facilities is performed after full hydraulic calculation.

Treatment plant

Determine the quality of water, based on such indicators:

  • Physical properties, such as turbidity, the presence of taste, color, odor, temperature;
  • Chemical properties, characterizing the ability to oxidize, stiffness, active reaction, the content of minerals;
  • Bacteriological properties that show the extent of infection by bacteria entering the water from nearby sewage, precipitation, and stool.

Drinking water is under close scrutiny. Requirements for the quality of liquid for domestic use are standardized and contained in GOST R51232 - 1998. The document takes into account the requirements for chemical, physical and bacterial indicators. If the purity of the received water does not correspond to the given normative data, then water intake treatment facilities are built. The most common cleaning methods are disinfection and clarification. For clarification, filtration and sedimentation are applied in several steps, as a result of which the impurities settle to the bottom. Bactericidal irradiation, normalized chlorination, ozonization is used to get rid of pathogenic microorganisms.

Getting water from underground sources

The depth of the location and the thickness of the layer affect the choice of a water intake station for receiving liquid from underground layers. The facilities are divided into four types:

  • Water intake wells;
  • Mine wells;
  • Horizontal diversion intakes;
  • Hood devices.

Water intake facilities of groundwater in the form of wells or tubular wells are used to extract liquid from the formation at a depth of more than 10 m. The construction consists in drilling the well and strengthening the walls with casing pipes. Gradually, with a set of depths, the diameter of the pipes decreases. A filter is installed in the lower part of the hole, and a viewing chamber is built on the surface, above the well. If the pressure of the aquifer is strong enough, the water rises to the surface under pressure, otherwise moisture is supplied to the top with pumps.

Structures such as shaft wells serve to receive water from a depth of more than 30 m. The walls of the well are concrete, brick or wooden, often they use ready-made unified elements that are successively installed one on top of another. In the lower part of the walls and the bottom of the well, there are holes for the natural flow of liquid. At the bottom make a filter layer of sand and gravel. With increased demand for water, several wells are being organized, connected by siphons with a water collector, from where the moisture is pumped to the water supply.

Underground horizontal water intake facilities serve to collect moisture at a shallow depth. They are performed at a depth of up to 8 m from standard reinforced concrete or ceramic elements with holes or slots in the side surfaces. The simplest horizontal types are made of thinned brick or butovoy masonry, for preventive maintenance are designed observation chambers every 100 m.

Hood cameras serve to take water from the keys. They are the simplest mine wells, arranged above the place where water appears on the surface. To obtain liquid from the top-down key sources, hood chambers are made to collect moisture through vertical walls by the type of horizontal water intake.

The collection of water from sources on the surface

With this method of water intake, measures are taken to ensure uninterrupted moisture production throughout the year. For this purpose, the facility is located closer to the consumer on a stable, less polluted place of the shore, being built above industrial plants and sewerage sites. Water intake structures from surface sources are arranged taking into account the possible rotation of the river bed with time. Elements of the system are arranged so that after the formation of the ice cover in winter to the top of the structure, not less than 0.3 m remained, and the bottom of the water intake did not reach the bottom of the river by 1 m.

Water intake facilities often build on the combined principle of two or more species, this is determined by the characteristics of the reservoir and the required volume of consumption. Before operation, the system undergoes a technical test. Surface water intake facilities, the launch is washed with water at a speed of 1 m / s. Household water pipes are chlorinated for disinfection.

Installation of external water supply systems

The external system includes main lines and secondary branch lines. As the material of pipes used environmentally friendly components, selected according to the GOST. Between the intake station and the pressurized water pipe, the liquid passes through the treatment facilities, settles in the tanks and is directed to the consumer with the help of regulating devices. The pipe diameter of the main line is taken from the hydraulic calculation data, and the branched diameters are applied taking into account the fire flow rate of the fluid.

Devices for lifting water

Pumping complexes are placed in the water flow chain to convert the engine energy into the hydraulic energy of the transmitted liquid. With the help of these devices moisture is raised to the desired height, fed for long distances and forced to flow in a closed water supply system, which implies the operation of water intake facilities. The choice of pumps for integrated maintenance of water intake facilities is carried out depending on the type of engine, power, head, efficiency and other indicators. The most common in application are centrifugal pumps, which have enough advantages over other types.

Reservoirs and water towers

To achieve pressure in the water supply network and to raise the liquid to high-altitude floors, there are water towers that work according to the physical principle of communicating vessels. The reservoir of the tank in the tower is calculated for the volume of water that regulates the supply of liquid to consumers for a certain period of time if water intake facilities from underground sources fail.

In the tank of the water tower, there is a reserve of water necessary for emergency fire fighting within 10 minutes after ignition. The water tower in the construction contains a tank supporting the base, made to the height of the tallest building in the village. In the northern regions, a warming hood is arranged, and in the south, only the cover over the tank is made.

Tanks for water storage are put in various places of the water supply system, they serve for storage of stocks of a liquid. The volume of tanks depends on their purpose and the need for water saturation with the pressure system of consumers. The material for the buildings is burnt brick, various types of natural stone and reinforced concrete. The shape distinguishes between round and rectangular tanks. Overlapping is performed in a monolithic or composite way.

Repair of underground and underwater pipelines

The arrangement of water intake facilities with an extended pipeline after a certain period of operation requires periodic repairs and maintenance. Sometimes the capacity of the water pipe decreases due to the deposits in the pipes of clogs and layers. Its cleaning is carried out periodically, in light cases it is sufficient to flush with a reverse or direct current of water. In more complex cases, scrapers or ruffs are used.

Removing the damaged pipeline on the surface - the work is troublesome and expensive. Therefore, for the purification of a special device, moving inside the pipe. The device moves, and rotating rigid brushes remove the build-up on the walls. To clean the pipeline from which the liquid is removed, make sinkers that do not allow pipe structures to float to the surface.

To remove complex ruptures or holes in the pipes, they are lifted to the surface, and after replacing the damaged section, they are again lowered to the bottom. Not too complicated damages are repaired with underwater welding.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the installation of water intake facilities requires special knowledge, which allows to determine the type of structures, to choose the location and to arrange the structural units. But as modern consumers do not see their existence without life-giving moisture, in the course of time new constructive solutions and ideas for extracting water from the bowels of the planet appear.

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