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Vulnerable vowel sounds in the roots. Vowel sounds percussion and unstressed

In Russian, all sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. Only six vowels are "a", "o", "y", "and", "e", "s". They are pronounced only with the participation of the voice, without the participation of noise. Can form syllables. They are shock and unstressed. Vowel sounds - percussion and unstressed - have their own characteristics and certain roles in the speech process. In addition, many norms for the designation of vowels on letter writing depend on the presence or absence of stress.

The vowels "e", "yu", "I", "e" are not separate sounds. They represent the designation of two sounds. For example: I - ya, yu-yu, etc. Also they are endowed with additional functions - denote the softness of the consonantal sound in the letter.

Shock vowels

A shock is called a vowel sound, allocated when you pronounce the voice. That is, one that is stressed. This sound is always pronounced more clearly. In comparison with the unstressed, it is in a stronger position and plays a meaningful role. As a rule, writing letters conveying percussion vowels does not cause difficulties.

For example, in words small (accent on the first syllable), peaceful (accent on the first syllable), distant (accent on the second syllable), the spelling of the stressed syllables will not be doubted by anyone. Here the principle "as it is heard, and it is written" operates, and sounds are clearly heard.

The vowel sounds are designed to perform a sense of difference function. For comparison: they say, small, washed, mule - words that we distinguish by ear, because they are written in different vowels.

Impudent vowel sounds - what is it?

Vowels that are not singled out by voice are called vandalized. They are pronounced with much less force and are far less energetic than drums. They are in a weak position, and writing letters that transmit them often causes difficulties. The principle of "how we hear and write" in this case will not work, because it can be heard not at all what is actually.

Impure vowel sound often Is in an altered state (reduction state). And the degree of transformation may depend on the remoteness of the stressed vowel. The further - the stronger the reduction. For example, in the word "kolobok" the last sound "o" is the percussion sound - in the third syllable. The closest "o" to him (in the second syllable) is heard even more or less clearly, and the remote (from the first syllable) is practically lost when pronounced. Its duration in this case is minimal.

Relatively stable in this respect are the unstressed vowel sounds "and", "s", "y". The degree of their transformation remoteness from the impact almost does not affect (mumie, Pinocchio, world). The exception can be only "and" at the beginning of the word after a solid consonant, to which the previous word of the phrase ends. In such cases, "and" turns into "s". This situation is clearly seen, for example, in the phrase "smoke over the hut".

Vulnerable vowel sounds in the roots. Spelling

As noted above, the transmission of unstressed vowel sounds in writing often causes difficulties. It is especially problematic to understand which letter should be used to designate an unstressed vowel sound in the root of a word.

The spelling of such roots stands out in a special section of grammar and is studied in detail in philology. The choice of the correct letter depends on various factors: the features of the neighborhood with other letters, the presence or absence of a striking syllable, test words, their origin, etc.

Unverifiable vowels in the roots

The most difficult case in terms of spelling is unstressed vowel sounds In unverifiable words. When it is impossible to choose a variant with a shock root.

The correct options in such situations can only be remembered or always carry a dictionary, in which you can see the spelling.

The words falling under this section include, for example: meridian, vinaigrette, concrete, corvalol, cheesecake and others. Many of them are of foreign origin.

Checked vowels in the roots of words

The letters denoting unstressed vowel sounds in the roots, in most cases can be determined by picking up the root word, where the stress falls on the root.

For example, changing the word "grass" to "grass", it is easy to understand which letter should be written in an unstressed root. Other options: mountain - mountain, water - water, rain - rain and so on and so forth. Examples in the Russian language - a great variety.

  • Note : In the case where the letter denoting the stressed syllable "yo" ("e") is in the root of the word, in the unstressed version it will be replaced by "e". For example: dead - dead, maples - maple, unbuttoned - unbuttoned.

Spelling of roots in words of different origins

Impudent vowel sounds in the main morphemes of words can have a different alphabetic expression depending on the origin of the given particular word.

So, for example, primordially Russian words often differ in the full-blown writing of combinations-oro, -olo-: young, fence, shell. And their Old Slavonic versions have a shortened version of the letter combination and the transformation of "o" into "a": an infant, a fence, a cloud.

Alternation of unstressed "a" and "o" in the roots

Letters denoting unstressed vowel sounds can alternate in the roots of related words. One of the variants of alternation is "a" and "o". Different roots have their own rules for writing:

  • For example, regardless of which letter will be written under stress, in the unstressed position, we almost always have the roots of "mountains", "clone", "creativity", "zar" and "fusion": burned, bowed, created, illuminated, fused. But there are exceptions: smoldering, mildew, utensils, zorevat, swimmer, swimmer, quicksand, etc.
  • From the consonant, which closes the root, the morphemes "rasta", "rasch" and "dews" depend. The letter "a" is preceded by "st" or "ni", whereas before "s" it usually happens "o". They do not fit into this rule: Rostislav, Rostov, usurer, sprout, outgrowth and variants derived from them (Rostov, usury, etc.), and also the word industry.
  • In morphemes "scoop" and "race" before the letter "h" is usually "o", and before "to" - "a". For example: a horse, a rope, an upstart, jump up. Exceptions are only words to jump, jump, download and jump.
  • The unvoiced vowel sounds in words with the roots "lag" and "lodges" are transmitted by letter in letters, according to the following rule: before "r" is used "a", and before "g" - "o". For example: to compose, believe, decompose, add, position, postpone. The exception is the canopy.
  • The presence or absence of the suffix "a" "orient" such roots as "kas" and "braid". If the suffix is present immediately behind the root, then there will be "kas", and if not, it will result in "braid". For example: touches, touch, touched, touch.
  • The spelling of roots with unstressed vowels sometimes depends on their meaning. So, in the case of "mok" ("urine") and "poppy", the first option "works" if it is about impregnating with a liquid (blotter, wet), and the second - in the case when it means dipping into a liquid (dunk , Dipping).
  • Morphemes "equal" and "level" also "equal" to the meaning of the word. If the identity is meant, then "a" (equal, equation) is written, and if straightforward and smooth, then "o" (align, align). Exceptions: the same age, level, level, equally.

How alternate "and" and "e"

The letters of unstressed vowel sounds "and" and "e" can also alternate in the roots of words.

The morphemes "bir" and "ber", "zhig" and "burn", "styl" and "stele", "blest" and "glitter", "world" and "measures", "shooting" and "ter" Dir "and" der "," feast "and" per "," cheat "and" even "are directly dependent on the presence of the suffix" a ". If it is next to the root, "and" is written, and if there is no "e". Examples: to steal - will take away; Moxibustion - burnt; Spreads - build; Brilliant - brilliant; Freeze - freeze; Rub off - wipe off; To tear off - to detach; Unlock - unlock; Read - deduction. Exceptions: couple, combination, combine.

Note:

  • The roots of "the world" and "measures" can alternate only if they mean the process of dying. If we are talking about peace (antonyme of war), then in the root will always be "and" (world, reconcile). And if the morpheme means a measure, it is always written "e" (measure, measure).
  • Roots "feast" and "feather" alternate only if they mean the processes of opening, closing and bulging (lock, unlock, turn out). And if we are talking about the word "feast", which means "feast of the belly," the root will always be "and" (feasting).

Alternating the letter "a" ("I") with the letter "im" ("in") in the roots

The letter "a" ("I") alternates in the roots with the letter "im" ("in") in the roots of words according to this rule: if the root has a suffix "a", then "im" or "in" is used. And if there is none, then "a" or "I" is written. For example: take - accepted, start - started.

Vowel sounds - percussion and unstressed - are in every language of the world. And if with shock, as a rule, there are no problems, the unstressed ones create a lot of difficulties. They are usually associated with a huge number of spelling. And the spelling of the roots is only a small part of the big iceberg.

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