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Voltaire: the main ideas. Philosophical ideas of Voltaire

On November 21, 1694, a son was born in Paris in the family of an official. The boy was named François-Marie Arue (literary name - Voltaire). He received his education in the Jesuit college. The whole family wanted a legal career for Voltaire, but he took up literature. Francois preferred satire, however, his passions were not approved by the censorship, because he was a frequent visitor in prison because of his poems.

Freedom-loving was Voltaire, views and ideas were considered bold and bold. In history he entered as a famous philosopher, writer, poet, fighter with obscurantism, fanaticism, exposer of the Catholic Church.

Voltaire was expelled from France and spent several years in England, where he formed his worldview. When he returned to his native land, he wrote "Philosophical Letters", thanks to which he gained fame. Now many knew who Voltaire was. The ideas of enlightenment that sketched in the above-mentioned work were subsequently developed by many in historical and philosophical writings.

Feudal order François criticized from the standpoint of rationalism. He wanted freedom for all people. Too these thoughts were bold. This was understood by Voltaire himself. The basic ideas of freedom were reduced to being dependent only on laws, this would be ideal, as the philosopher himself believed. However, he did not recognize equality. Voltaire said that there can not be no division into the rich and the poor, this is unattainable. He regarded the republic as the best form of government.

Voltaire wrote both prose and verse. Consider his best creations.

Candide

The name translates as "dazzling white". The story is written with bitterness and irony, in it Voltaire reflects on a world of violence, stupidity, prejudice and oppression. Such a terrible place the philosopher opposed his hero, who has a kind heart, and a country-utopia - Eldorado, that was a dream and embodiment of the ideals of Voltaire. The work was published illegally, as it was banned in France. This work is a kind of response to the struggle of Europe with the Jesuits. The impetus for its creation was the Lisbon earthquake.

"Orléans virgin"

This is the poem that Voltaire wrote. The basic ideas (briefly, of course) of labor express the dominant thoughts of the epoch of the New Age. A subtle and ironic work impregnated with wit, thanks to the elegance of style, influenced the further development of European poetry.

"The Story of Charles, King of Sweden"

This masterpiece is written about two outstanding monarchs of Europe (Peter the Great and Carla). Labor describes the struggle between them. The romanticized biography of the commander of King Charles, the hero of Poltava, is vividly and colorfully described by Voltaire. A worthy work that touches the depths of the soul. At one time work brought fame to Voltaire.

"The Princess of Babylon"

The original work, which was part of the cycle of tales of the philosopher. The main idea: a man is born for happiness, but life is hard, because he has to suffer.

Voltaire: basic ideas, briefly about his relationship to God

The philosopher in his work devoted a special place to religion. He represented God as the mind to which the laws of nature are subordinate. Voltaire does not require proof of the existence of the Almighty. He wrote: "Only a madman can deny the existence of God, the mind itself believes in its presence." It seems unreasonable for a philosopher that the whole world was formed by itself, without any idea or purpose. He is sure that the very fact of human reason proves the existence of God, who has given us the ability to think.

Voltaire's philosophical ideas on religion are very doubtful and contradictory, in them, rather, blind faith than reason. For example, why prove the existence of God, if you write that it does not need confirmation? He also notes that the Lord created the earth and matter, and then, apparently, entangled in his reasoning, argues that God and matter exist because of the nature of things.

The philosopher in his writings tells that no school and no arguments will make him doubt the faith. That was the devout Voltaire. The main ideas in the religious sphere boiled down to the fact that fanatics are much more dangerous than atheists, since the latter do not inflate "bloody disputes". Voltaire was for the faith, but doubted the religion, because he shared them for himself. Atheists, for the most part, are misguided scientists, rejection from religion which began just because of those who are obsessed with it, uses faith for no good, humane purposes.

In his writings, Voltaire justifies atheism, although he writes that this is detrimental to virtue. The philosopher is sure that a society of unbelieving scientists would live happier, guided only by laws and morality, rather than fanatics, who are amazed by insanity.

Reason remains with atheists, for fanatics are deprived of it. It is the ability of a person to think always stood for Voltaire in the first place. Therefore, the philosopher treats atheism as a lesser evil, while remaining believers in God, but preserving the mind of man. "If there was no God, he would have to be invented," Voltaire said, in short this statement reveals the position of the philosopher, the entire need for faith.

Ideas about the origin of the world

The materialism of Voltaire is not so in the literal sense. The fact is that the philosopher only partially shares this concept. Voltaire in his works tries to reflect on the matter of matter and comes to the conclusion about its eternity, which coincides with the views of materialists, but not all aspects of their teachings are shared by François-Marie. He also does not consider primary matter, since it was created by God, but empty space is necessary for the existence of the Lord.

Voltaire, whose quotes are filled with wisdom ("The world is finite if there is an empty space"), then he argues as follows: "So, matter has its existence from an arbitrary cause."

From nothing nothing happens (Voltaire). Quotes of this person allow you to think. According to the views of the philosopher, matter is inert, because it is God who moves it. This thought was another proof of the existence of the Lord.

Voltaire's ideas (briefly) his judgment about the soul

The philosopher adhered to the views of materialists in these matters. Voltaire denied that people consist of two essences - spirit and matter, which are related to each other only by the will of God. The philosopher believed that the body is responsible for thought, and not the soul, therefore, the latter is mortal. "The ability to feel, remember, fantasize - and there is what is called the soul," - very interesting said Voltaire. Quotes of it are curious, it is worth thinking about.

Is the spirit dead?

The soul of the philosopher has no material structure. This fact he explained by the fact that we do not think constantly (for example, when we sleep). He did not believe in the transmigration of souls. Indeed, if this were so, then, moving, the spirit could save all the accumulated knowledge, thoughts, but this does not happen. But still the philosopher insists that the soul is given to us by God, like the body. The first, in his opinion, is mortal (he did not prove it).

Is the spirit material

What did Voltaire write on this question? Thought is not matter, since it does not have similar properties, for example, it can not be divided.

Feelings

Feelings for the philosopher are very important. Voltaire writes that we receive knowledge and ideas from the outside world, but it is the feelings that help us in this. A person does not have innate principles and ideas. For a better understanding of the world it is required to use several senses, so Voltaire believed. The main ideas of the philosopher were built on the knowledge of what was available to him. Francois studied the feelings, ideas, the process of thinking. Many did not even think about these issues. Voltaire tries not only to explain, but also to understand the essence, the mechanism of the origin of feelings and thoughts.

Reflections on life, principles and structure of being intrigued Voltaire, forced to deepen their knowledge in these areas. The views of this man were very progressive for the time in which he was born. The philosopher believed that life consists of God-given sufferings and pleasures. The actions of people are guided by routine. A few are inclined to think about their actions, and they do it in "special cases". Many of the acts that seem to be caused by the mind and education are often just instincts for a person. People on a subconscious level are eager for pleasure, except those, of course, who are looking for more subtle fun. All of Voltaire's actions are explained by love to himself. However, François does not call for vice, on the contrary, considers virtue a cure for illnesses of conscience. He divides people into two categories:

- Persons who are in love only in themselves (the complete rabble).

- Those who sacrifice their own interests for the sake of society.

Man differs from animals in that he uses in life not only instincts, but also morality, pity, law. Such conclusions were made by Voltaire.

The main ideas of the philosopher are simple. Mankind can not live without rules, for without fear of punishment, society would lose its decent appearance and return to primacy. Faith, the philosopher still puts the cornerstone, since the right is powerless against secret crimes, and the conscience can stop them, because it is an invisible guardian, it can not hide from it. Voltaire always shared the concepts of faith and religion, without the first, he did not represent the existence of mankind as a whole.

Thoughts about the government

It happens that the laws are imperfect, and the ruler does not live up to expectations and does not fulfill the will of the people. Then society is to blame, because it allowed it. The worship of God in the image of the monarch, Voltaire, considered stupid, which was very bold for that time. The philosopher said that the creation of the Lord can not be worshiped equally with the creator.

This was Voltaire. The main ideas of this man undoubtedly influenced the development of society.

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