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Volga Federal District: composition, regions, regions

Administratively, Russia shares not only the autonomy, the region, the region and the republic, but also the federal districts (FD). A total of 7. Many experts sing out the Volga Federal District. What is the specificity of such territorial units? What is the difference between the Privolzhsky Federal District and other regions? The characteristics of its economy, the number and features of the historical development of cities will be discussed in this article.

What are the federal districts

The Volga Federal District is the administrative unit of Russia, formed as a result of the reform of the territorial structure of the country, conducted in the early 2000s. In the course of the reforms, seven federal districts (FD) were formed, a new post appeared - an authorized representative of the head of state in each of these territorial entities. There is an opinion that this innovation was intended to ensure a higher quality of economic and political integration of Russian regions. The reform was preceded by a period of the emergence of a new model of federalism, different from the Soviet principles of the administrative system.

The state, according to some experts, could not decide: give the regions more freedom or centralize control in Moscow. As a result, a compromise was worked out: they decided to create additional administrative structures between the capital and the subjects of the federation. It turned out that the regions, on the one hand, were quite independent, on the other - were obliged to observe the interests of neighboring subjects of the federation, which were in one district.

Criticism of the system of federal districts

Among Russian experts there are opinions about the imperfect management of territorial units, to which Russia is administratively divided. The Volga Federal District is not an exception. Especially often such points of view were expressed in the early 2000s, in the first years after the district systems were introduced by the president. One of the arguments of critics is the discrepancy between this initiative of the head of state and the norms of the constitution. In particular, the main law of the country says that the decision to reform the administrative-territorial system of the Russian Federation can be made only on the basis of federal laws, but not presidential decrees. While the districts were established just by the decree of the head of state. Another point that critics pay attention to is the role of the president's representative in the federal districts. In the constitution, they believe, there is not a word about how the powers of the head of state can be transformed into the functions of the envoys in question.

Reform of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of federal districts

In May 2014, the Russian president implemented a partial reform of the system of state authorities in the federal districts. This affected the structures of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. In the federal districts there were the main departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. The authorities decided to reduce these posts due to another government decision that established the maximum number of employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, whose work is financed from the state budget - 1 million 113 thousand 172 people. As a result, the management of the Ministry was to be abolished in the federal districts (excluding the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation for the North Caucasus Federal District). The main departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the Volga Federal District, as well as similar structures in the Far East, Siberia, the Urals, the Center, the South and North-West Russia were abolished. Employees of these departments were removed for staff and had to undergo re-certification, following which the question of their future work was decided.

Territorial composition

What is remarkable about the Volga Federal District? First of all, large famous settlements. The biggest cities of the Privolzhsky Federal District are: the beautiful Samara, the magnificent Kazan, the legendary Nizhny Novgorod, the hospitable Perm and Ufa. In addition, a fairly large number of federal subjects of various types in its composition. We list the main ones. The regions of the Volga Federal District are the Kirov, Orenburg, Samara, Penza, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov and Ulyanovsk regions. The district has 6 national republics: Bashkortostan (the capital is Ufa), Mordovia (the administrative center is Saransk), Tatarstan (the main city is Kazan), Mari El (the capital city of the republic is Yoshkar-Ola), Udmurtia and Chuvashia (whose capitals - Izhevsk and Cheboksary, respectively). The Volga Federal District has also the Perm Territory.

Economy

The Privolzhsky Federal District, whose composition forms several million cities and resource-rich regions, leads the way among other FDs in terms of industrial output, outstripping even the Central, where Moscow is. The main sectors are engineering, fuel and energy. Leaders in industry are the Kirov region, Udmurtia, Chuvashia, Mordovia.

A significant share in the economy of the district is occupied by agriculture (especially in Tatarstan, Nizhny Novgorod region, Perm Territory). The light industry is rather well developed (Mari El, Penza region). The FD economy, according to a number of financiers, makes the region one of the most attractive for investors.

Rivers and lakes

The Volga Federal District is located in the basin of the largest European river - the Volga. It begins in Valdai with a small stream, and flows into the Caspian Sea. The length of the river is more than 3,500 km. The catchment area of the Volga River is more than 1.6 million square meters. Km.

In the Volga Federal District there are many lakes, their account goes to tens of thousands. Most of them in Tatarstan (about 8 thousand), Bashkortostan (about 2 thousand), in Chuvashia (about 750), about one thousand - in the Kirov region, 689 is located in the Republic of Mari El.

Kazan

Regions of the Volga Federal District are very original. Kazan is one of the main tourist centers of Russia, one of the most famous cities of the Russian Federation in the world.

The year of foundation of Kazan, according to generally accepted archaeological information - 1005th. The city appeared as a fortress of the Volga Bulgaria. For the first time in the Russian annals Kazan is mentioned in 1177. The city became one of the largest trade and political centers of the Golden Horde. In 1438 he received the status of the capital of the Kazan Khanate. In 1552, the city was conquered by the army of Ivan the Terrible and annexed to Russia. In 1708, he became the capital of the Kazan province.

Today this city is one of the key ethnocultural centers for the Russian economy. The international airport connects the city with a variety of localities in Russia and abroad. In Kazan there are almost all types of public transport, including the metro. More than 100 nationalities live in the city. The state languages here are Russian and Tatar.

Kirov

Kirov is a city with a very large entrepreneurial activity. According to the Institute of Systematic Research of Problems of Entrepreneurship, in 2012 the Kirov region became the leader in a multitude of indicators. In particular, the region took first place in the number of small businesses for 100 thousand people - about 220 units. Kirov region took the first place in the number of people working in small enterprises. The level of investment in the capital of small businesses per capita here is more than two times higher than the average for Russia (more - only in the Penza region).

The city of Kirov is several hundred years old. The year of its foundation is 1181th. Until 1457, he was known as Vyatka, until 1781 - as Khlynov. The city received its modern name in 1934. In the Soviet era, Kirov was considered a semi-closed settlement due to the large number of defense enterprises located in it. Now the city is open for guests from Russia and from abroad.

Nizhny Novgorod

Nizhny Novgorod is the largest city of the Volga Federal District and one of the most famous in Russia. It was founded in 1221 by Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich. Its name in the first version is associated with a lower location relative to Veliky Novgorod, on the second - relative to another city with a similar name, which was higher along the Volga. In the period of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia, Nizhny Novgorod was not very well known. But after the invaders were expelled from the Russian land, it begins to develop actively, it is often noted in the annals. Some historians believe that during the existence of the Nizhny Novgorod principality (in 1341-1392), the city could claim to receive the status of the capital of Russia, as it was able to compete on equal terms with Moscow and Tver. In 1612, from the walls of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin , an army began to move, headed by the Minin and Pozharsky, which liberated our country from Polish-Lithuanian interventionists. In 1722, his fiftieth anniversary in Nizhny Novgorod was celebrated by Emperor Peter the First. Here lived Russian geniuses Kulibin, Lobachevsky, Damaskin, the teacher Kuzhelev, the historian Ilyinsky, the traveler Baranshchikov. The city was visited by AS Pushkin. His impressions of walks in the landmarks of Nizhny Novgorod, he described in the chapters of "Eugene Onegin." From the 30s until the collapse of the USSR, the city was named after the writer AM Gorky. Now Nizhny Novgorod is one of the industrial centers of Russia. The legendary historical and cultural heritage makes it popular with tourists and is the pride of the Nizhny Novgorod residents themselves.

Volzhsky Football Cluster

The Volga Federal District, which is formed by one of the most developed economic regions of Russia, will host the World Cup, which will be held in 2018 in Russia. Several cities of the Federal District will join the so-called Volga cluster - a conglomerate of settlements where stadiums will be built for holding matches of the championship.

Among such cities are Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Kazan and Saransk. In many of them, the football infrastructure is rebuilt from scratch. The Privolzhsky Federal District and its cities will thus be known not only in Russia, but throughout the world. It remains to wait for the construction of magnificent stadiums and the beginning of competitions.

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