Self improvement, Psychology

Types of thinking and their characteristics: table. General Characteristics of Thinking

Taking information from the outside world, it is with the participation of thinking that we can understand and transform it. In this we are helped by types of thinking and their characteristics. The table with these data is presented below.

Thinking

This is the highest process of cognition of the surrounding reality, the subjective perception of objective reality. Its uniqueness lies in the perception of external information and its transformation in consciousness. Thinking helps a person to get new knowledge, experience, creatively transform the ideas that have already formed. It helps to expand the boundaries of knowledge, helping to change the existing conditions for solving the tasks.

This process is the engine of human development. In psychology there is no separate process - thinking. It will necessarily be present in all other cognitive actions of man. Therefore, in order to somewhat structure this transformation of reality, in psychology types of thinking and their characteristics were singled out. A table with these data helps to better understand the information about the activity of this process in our psyche.

Features of this process

This process has its own characteristics that distinguish it from other mental functions of man.

  1. Mediation. This means that a person can indirectly learn an object through the properties of another. It also involves the types of thinking and their characteristics. Briefly describing this property, one can say that cognition occurs through the properties of another object: we can transfer some acquired knowledge to such an unknown object.
  2. Generality. A connection in the common of several properties of an object. The ability to generalize helps a person to learn new things in the surrounding reality.

These two properties and processes of this cognitive function of man contain a general characteristic of thinking. Characteristics of types of thinking - a separate area of general psychology. Since the types of thinking are inherent in different age categories and are formed according to their own rules.

Types of thinking and their characteristics, table

A person perceives structured information better, therefore some information about varieties of the cognitive process of cognition of reality and their description will be presented systematically.

It is best to understand what types of thinking and their characteristics are, the table.

Types of thinking Definition
Visual-efficient It is based on the direct perception of surrounding objects when doing something with them.
Visual-shaped It is based on images and representations. Man represents the situation and with the help of this thinking transforms it, forming unusual combinations of objects.
Verbal Logical Logical operations with concepts are carried out.
Empirical It is characterized by primary generalizations, conclusions based on the experience gained, that is, already available theoretical knowledge.
Practical The transition from abstract thinking to practice. Physical transformation of reality.

Visual-efficient thinking, description

In psychology much attention is paid to the study of thinking, as the main process of cognition of reality. After all, every person develops this process differently, works individually, sometimes the types of thinking and their characteristics do not correspond to age norms.

At preschool children, visual and effective thinking comes first. It begins its development from infancy. Description by age is presented in the table.

Age period

Characteristics of Thinking

Examples

Infancy In the second half of the period (from 6 months), perception and action develop, which form the basis for the development of this kind of thinking. At the end of infancy, a child can solve elementary problems based on manipulation of objects by trial and error. The adult hides the toy in his right hand. The kid first opens the left, after the failure stretches to the right. Finding a toy, enjoys the experience. He knows the world in a visually effective way.
Early age Manipulating things, the child quickly learns important links between them. This age period is a vivid idea of the formation and development of visual-effective thinking. The kid does external orienting actions, than actively learns the world. Picking up a full bucket of water, the child noticed that up to the sandbox he comes with an almost empty bucket. Then, by manipulating the bucket, he accidentally closes the hole, and the water remains at the same level. Perplexed, the baby experiments, until he realizes that to close the water level it is necessary to close the hole.
Preschool age During this period, this kind of thinking gradually turns into the next, and already at the end of the age stage the child takes possession of verbal thinking. First, to measure the length, the preschooler takes a paper strip, applying it to everything that is interesting. Then this action is transformed in images and concepts.

Visual-figurative thinking

Types of thinking in psychology and their characteristics occupy an important place, since the age formation of other cognitive processes depends on their development. With each age stage, more and more mental functions are involved in the development of the process of cognition of reality. In visual-imaginative thinking, imagination and perception play a virtually key role.

Characteristic Combinations Transformations
This kind of thinking is represented by certain operations with images. Even if we do not see something, we can recreate this in the mind at the expense of this kind of thinking. The child begins to think like this in the middle of preschool age (4-6 years). The adult also actively uses this kind. A new image can be obtained through combinations of objects in the mind: a woman, choosing her outfits on the way out, in her mind represents how she will look in a certain blouse and skirt or dress and scarf. This action is visual-figurative thinking. Also, a new image is obtained with the help of transformations: considering a flower bed with a single plant, one can imagine how it will look with a decorative stone or a lot of different plants.

Verbal Logical Thinking

It is carried out by means of logical manipulations with concepts. Such operations are designed to find something in common between different objects and phenomena in society and the environment around us. Here the images occupy a secondary place. Children have the makings of this kind of thinking at the end of the preschool period. But the main development of this kind of thinking begins in the younger school age.

Age Characteristic
Junior school age

The child, entering the school, is already learning to operate with elementary concepts. The main base for operating them are:

  • Everyday concepts - elementary ideas about objects and phenomena on the basis of their own experience outside the school walls;
  • Scientific concepts - the highest realized and arbitrary conceptual level.

At this stage, intellectualization of mental processes takes place.

Adolescence During this period, thinking acquires a qualitatively different color - reflection. Theoretical concepts are already estimated by a teenager. In addition, such a child may be distracted from visual material, arguing logically in verbal terms. Hypotheses appear.
Youthful age Thinking based on abstraction, concepts and logic becomes systemic, creating an internal subjective model of the world. At this age stage, word-logical thinking becomes the basis of the young man's world outlook.

Empirical thinking

The characteristics of the main types of thinking include not only the three types described above. Still this process is divided into empirical or theoretical and practical.

Theoretical thinking is the knowledge of rules, various signs, the theoretical basis of basic concepts. Here it is possible to construct hypotheses, but to test them already in the plane of practice.

Practical thinking

Practical thinking implies the transformation of reality, adapting it to its goals and plans. It is limited in time, there is no possibility to study many variants of testing various hypotheses. Therefore, for man, it opens up new opportunities for understanding the world.

Types of thinking and their characteristics, depending on the tasks and properties of this process

Also, the types of thinking are divided according to the tasks and subjects of the tasks. The process of knowing reality is:

  • Intuitive;
  • Analytical;
  • Realistic;
  • Autistic;
  • Egocentric;
  • Productive and reproductive.

All these species to a greater or lesser extent there are in each person.

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