Each text consists of interconnected sentences or paragraphs, which are united into a single whole by a certain theme and the main idea. All sentences in the text have a semantic connection that builds the hierarchy of parts in meaning, significance and complexity. According to the functional and semantic content, the following types of texts are distinguished in the Russian language: narrative, description and reasoning. Let us consider their main features.
A narrative is a story about an event, told in time sequence. The process of action, that is, the development of the plot, is put in the forefront here. Works of this type are dynamic and basically begin with a stringing or with an outcome of the incident, which is presented in a direct or reverse chronological order. It is often used in letters and memoirs. Because of the reporting of actions and incidents, an important role belongs to the verbs of the past tense and adverbs indicating the sequence (once, then, finally, etc.) that help unfold the narrative. All narrative types of text have an outset (the beginning of a story), the culmination (its development), the denouement (the end of the event).
In the description, the main idea is the verbal image of a phenomenon by enumerating its main characteristics and attributes. Its purpose is to convey the subject of the description so that the reader clearly sees it in his mind. In the landscape it will be a view of the sky, grasses, trees; The portrait - the expression of the eyes, posture, gait. Descriptive texts are characterized by consistency in description, unity of view, use of adjectives and static. The basic scheme of its construction is as follows: the general impression of the object - individual signs - the relation of the author to the object.
Comparing these types of text, we can say that they are opposed to each other, since their characteristics consist in the static nature of one and the dynamics of the other.
The last type is reasoning. It is based on the clarification and approval of any thought, describes the causes of phenomena, reflections, is a four-part theme: introduction - thesis - argumentation (proof) - conclusion. These types of text, unlike the description and narrative, have a more complex sentence structure (using separate turns and different types of union and bondless communication) and vocabulary (many abstract concepts are used). The main goal is to prove something, to convince the other, to refute the opponent's opinion.
As you can see, all types (of speech) of the text have special compositional features and are used in various genre forms. However, in its pure form, narrative, description and reasoning do not always occur, mostly they are combined in their elements. For example, artistic texts often combine all types of text that consistently alternate with each other, and reasoning can consist of descriptive and narrative components. This makes the work more expressive and interesting.