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Speech redundancy. Tautology, Pleonasm

One of the problems of modern philology is verbal redundancy and its insufficiency. She points to lean vocabulary, inability to clearly state their thoughts. Especially destructive is the manifestation of speech redundancy in the works of novice writers and journalists. To its main manifestations can be attributed repetition of words, tautology and pleonasm.

The ability to find these speech errors in texts , to correct them in a timely manner is a pledge of a literate, beautiful and easily readable text. True, not always tautology and pleonasm - gross speech errors. In some cases, they can be an excellent means of expressiveness and emotional design of the text.

The main types of speech errors

Speech redundancy, or verbosity, implies the transmission of the same thought in the sentence and utterance. The main types of such errors associated with lexical insufficiency are first of all tautology, pleonasm and repetition of words in sentences. These speech errors indicate a low level of speech culture. But at the same time they are used in fiction as a means of emotional expressiveness.

Speech errors include the use of extra words in the sentence, the splitting of the concept, that is, the situation in which the verb predicate is replaced by a verbal-nominal combination. Strong examples are the following expressions: go for a walk (instead of walking), fight (instead of fighting). Also, the most common errors encountered in oral speech include word parasites: here, well, type, etc.

Repeating words as one of the speech errors

Quite often in the texts you can find repetition of words. For example: "The newspaper came out once a week. In the morning the newspaper was delivered to the kiosk. " So it is unacceptable to write. The word "newspaper" is used in both the first and second sentence, which is a rather crude speech error. In this case, the correct solution would be to replace it with a synonym or pronoun.

The repetition of words indicates that the author can not clearly and concisely formulate his thought, he has a poor vocabulary. True, it is worth noting that in some cases such speech redundancy can be justified. It is capable of becoming an excellent stylistic device, with the help of which the author emphasizes this or that thought. For example: "They walked, and walked, and walked, not one day, not one night." In this case, the repetition of the verb indicates the duration of the process.

Pleonasm

The term "pleonasmos" is translated from the Greek language as "excessive", "excess". And means the use in speech of relatives in meaning, superfluous in the sentence words. Bright examples of pleonasms can be found in such proposals:

  1. "A blond blonde came to me."
  2. "In the room they found a dead corpse."
  3. "He worked in silence, without words."
  4. "Oil is very oily."
  5. "He wrote his autobiography."
  6. "He was interested in a vacancy in the company."
  7. "Basil fell down."
  8. "We trample on our native land."

All these proposals are overloaded with unnecessary refinements or pleonasms. So, the blonde in any case is light, the autobiography comes from two Greek words and means written independently the story of her own life, etc.

Like any other speech redundancy, pleonasm is a sign of inadequate human education, a very scarce vocabulary. You should carefully analyze your vocabulary. And also in time to find and correct mistakes related to the use in the speech of pleonasms.

Tautology

The term tautology consists of two Greek words. The first - tauto - means "the same", the second - logos - "word". It is treated as a repetition of one- root words or morphemes in a sentence. Most philologists note that tautology is one of the varieties of pleonasm.

It also manifests speech redundancy. Examples of this phenomenon are pronounced in the following phrases: tell a story, bus buses are in the bus park, etc. There is also a hidden tautology, when a Russian and a foreign word is combined in a phrase with a close, identical meaning. For example: first debuted, interior interior, folk folklore, its own autobiography.

Use in stylistics

It should be noted that speech redundancy, examples of which can be found in fiction, is by no means always a verbal error. So, in the style of using pleonasms and tautologies, it helps to strengthen the effectiveness and emotionality of speech, to emphasize the aphorism of the utterance. Writers-humorists use these errors to create puns.

Let's note the main functions played by speech redundancy and tautology in stylistics:

  1. Use in the speech of the main characters in order to emphasize the poverty of his vocabulary, ignorance.
  2. To strengthen the semantic significance of a particular moment, the allocation of a certain thought in the text.
  3. Use tautological repeats to emphasize the intensity or duration of the action. For example: "We wrote and wrote".
  4. Use of pleonasms in order to emphasize or clarify the feature of the object, its characteristics.
  5. Proposals with speech redundancy can also be used to denote a large accumulation of objects. For example: "And everywhere there are books, books, books ...".
  6. Use to create puns. For example: "Let me not allow."

Note that most often tautology and pleonasm are found in folklore. For example: they lived-were, the path-path, apparently not visible, wonderfully wonderful, a wonderful miracle, grief to grieve. At the heart of most phraseological defenses, sayings are the tautology: small is small less, you can not hear, you can see kinds, walk with stilts, all sorts of things, bitter grief, sit still.

Normative cases of use

It is worth noting that in some cases, pleonasm and tautology may be normative. Often this happens when the phrase does not feel the sense of congestion. So, speech redundancy is absent in such expressions: white linen, black ink. This is explained simply. After all, the laundry can be gray and yellow. And ink can be both black, and blue, green, red.

conclusions

One of the main mistakes that can often be found in oral and written speech is verbal redundancy. Tautology and pleonasm are its main manifestations, which point to the scarcity of the language, poor vocabulary. At the same time, these lexical phenomena can be used in fiction to create vivid, colorful pictures, highlighting a particular thought.

For any educated person, especially if he works in the field of journalism or is fond of writing books, it is important to be able to find in the text pleonasm and tautology, correct them in time so that the texts are read easily. Speech redundancy and lack of vocabulary make the material presented uninteresting for a wide audience.

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