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Sounds soft consonants: letters. Letters denoting soft consonant sounds

The speech of a person, especially a native speaker, must be not only correct, but also beautiful, emotional, expressive. Here, voice, diction, and mature orthoepic norms are important.

The ability to correctly pronounce sounds is made up of practical exercises (voice training: volume, timbre, flexibility, diction, etc.) and knowledge of when it is appropriate to use this or that pronunciation of sound (orthoepic norms).

Before talking about letters that denote soft consonant phonemes, one should remember the basic phonetic concepts and terms.

Phonetics: sounds and letters

To begin with, there are no soft consonants in the words of the Russian language. Since sound is what we hear and say, it is elusive, it is an indivisible part of speech that results from the articulation of a person. And a letter is just a graphic symbol that indicates a particular sound. We see and write them.

There is no complete correspondence between them. In one word, the number of letters and sounds may not coincide. The Russian alphabet consists of thirty-three letters, and in speech forty seven sounds.

Accurate recording of sounds in a word by means of letters - transcription. The letters in this case are written in square brackets. For phonetic analysis, each sound must be written with a single letter, put an emphasis and indicate softness, if necessary ['], for example, milk - [malako], mol - [pier] - in this case, the letter l with an apostrophe indicates a soft sound [l] '].

Phonetics: vowels and consonants

When a stream of air flies out of the throat, without encountering obstacles in its path, a vowel sounds (singing). There are six of them in Russian. They are shock and unstressed.

If the air, leaving the larynx, does not pass freely, then a consonant sound is obtained. They are formed from noise or noise and voice. Consonant phonemes in our Russian language thirty-seven.

From the degree of involvement of noise and voice sounds in their education, consonants are divided into:

  • Sonorous (voice is much stronger than noise);
  • Noisy - sonorous and deaf.

Also, by pronunciation, there are soft consonants (letters that indicate them, they are written with an apostrophe) and hard sounds. They differ in pronunciation - speaking a soft consonant, a person raises the middle back of the tongue high toward the sky.

Graphics: Letters

So, the letters are the symbols of the sounds on the letter. The science that studies them is graphics. Alphabet - a graphic representation of the sounds of the language, arranged in a certain order. The ten letters of the Russian alphabet are vowels, which denote vowel sounds. It also includes twenty-one consonants and two letters that do not mean sounds at all. Each letter in the alphabet has its own unique name. The modern alphabet was created in 1918, and officially approved in 1942. Now these graphic signs are used in more than fifty different languages of the world.

Alpha-sound composition

In Russian, the composition of the sounds of speech and letters differs due to the specific nature of the letter - the letters of soft consonant sounds and the solid ones are identical - eel [y'el], spruce [y'el ']; And six vowels are indicated by a letter in ten letters. So it turns out that the sounds in the speech are fourteen more than the letters in the alphabet.

Solid consonants

Consonant phonemes are pairs: voiced - deaf, soft - hard. But there are those who will always sound firmly, - this is w, w, c. Even in words, the parachute, the pamphlet and the single-root w will remain firm. In some foreign words, they are pronounced differently.

Soft consonants

There is also a trio of sounds, which are always soft, consonant letters denoting them, - h, uh, d . Of these rules, there are no exceptions in the Russian language.

Paired consonants

Consonants are basically paired, that is, each hard sound is matched by its softer utterance. The letters denoting soft consonant sounds will be identical. In the transcription, the [] sign will be added to them.

How to determine where there will be soft consonants? The letters do not immediately form words, at first they form syllables. The softness or hardness of the pronunciation of the consonant depends on what sound follows it in the syllable.

Syllables

A syllable is a sound or a few sounds that are pronounced in one breath, in one puff of air.

Vowels are syllabic sounds, they are joined by consonants - a syllable is obtained: mo-lo-ko, le-ta-yu-shcha-ya ryba. The number of syllables in a word is equal to the number of vowels in it.

Open syllables end in vowel sounds: the picture is a picture, the right is the right one.

If there is a consonant at the end of the syllable, this is a closed syllable: a card-ti-na, a legitimate one-right -dimensional .

In the middle of the word there are often open syllables, and the consonants that adjoin them carry over to the following syllable: to -data, di-ktor. Sounds that can close the syllable among the words are voiced, unpaired, hard consonants and soft. Letters for their writing - d, p, l, m, n . For example: kisonyka - ki-sony-ka.

Distinguish the division of words into syllables and parts for transfer, as well as morphemes. This is a syllabic, or syllabic, principle of graphics. It is applicable to consonants.

Hard and soft consonants: letters (syllabic principle)

It manifests itself with respect to the consonants by what defines the unit of reading and writing:

  1. As a combination of the consonant and the following vowel letters.
  2. Consolidation of a consonant and a soft sign.
  3. Grouping two consonants or a space at the end of a word.

So, in order to understand whether the sound defined in a word refers to soft or hard, it is necessary to pay attention to what is behind it in the syllable.

If any consonant is interested in us, then the determined sound is solid. For example: a chirr - a chirr, a solid one.

If the next one is a vowel, then it must be remembered that before a, o, y, e, u there are solid consonants. For example: mother, putas, vine.

And, e, yu, I, e - letters denoting a soft consonant sound. For example, a song is a song, n, and n are soft, while c is hard.

To speak well and correctly read soft consonants letters and sounds, you need to develop your phonemic hearing - understanding and distinguishing the sounds of speech. A well-developed ability to clearly identify what sounds are in the word, even if you hear it for the first time, will allow you to better remember and understand the speech of others. And most importantly - to speak yourself more beautiful and more correctly.

The syllabic principle is convenient in that it reduces the number of letters in the alphabet. After all, to designate soft and firm consonant phonemes, one would have to come up with, create, and learn fifteen new graphic elements. It is exactly how many paired consonants are contained in our speech. In practice, it was sufficient to determine the vowels indicating which letters consonant soft.

Letters denoting a soft consonant sound

The softness of the sound is denoted by ['] only when writing transcription - the sound parsing of the word.

When reading or writing, there are two ways to designate soft consonants.

  1. If a soft consonant sounds ends a word or stands before another consonant, then it is designated "b". For example: a blizzard, a stolnik, etc. Important: when writing, the softness of the consonant is determined "b" only if it is in the same root words and before the soft, and before the hard consonant in different cases (flax-flax). Most often, when two soft consonants stand side by side, after the first "b" they are not used in writing.
  2. If a soft consonant is followed by a vowel, then it is determined by the letters i, u, u, e, e . For example: vez, villages, tulle, etc.

Even with the use of the syllabic principle, problems arise with e before consonant, they are so deep that they become orthoepic. Some scholars believe that the necessary condition for euphony is the ban on writing e after solid consonants, because this grapheme determines the soft consonant letters and prevents proper pronunciation of solids. There is a proposal to replace e by a single-valued e . Prior to the introduction, the unified writing of syllables e - e in 1956, a pair of spelling of such words (adequate - adequate) was actively and legally practiced. But the unification did not solve the main problem. Replacing e by e after solid consonants, obviously, also does not become an ideal solution, new words in Russian appear more often, and in which case to write this or that letter remains controversial.

Orthoepy

Let us return to the point from which we started our speech, it is caused by orthoepia. On the one hand, these are the norms of correct pronunciation, and on the other hand it is a science that studies, substantiates and establishes these norms.

Orpheopia serves the Russian language, blurs the boundaries between adverbs, so that people can understand each other more easily. In order to communicate with each other, representatives of different regions thought about what they were saying, and not about how this or that word sounded from the interlocutor.

The foundation of the Russian language and, consequently, pronunciation - Moscow dialect. It was in the capital of Russia that sciences began to develop, including orthoepy, so the rules prescribe to us to say - to pronounce sounds like Muscovites.

Orthoepia gives one correct way of pronunciation, rejecting all others, but at the same time sometimes admits variants that are considered correct.

Despite clear, understandable and simple rules, orthoepy notes many features, nuances and exceptions in how pronounced letters denote a soft consonant sound and a solid ...

Orphoepy: soft and hard consonants

Which letters consonant soft? H, uh, d - to pronounce instead of soft sounds solid, in any case it is impossible. But the rule is violated, falling under the influence of the Belarusian language and even Russian dialects, reprimands. Remember how in this Slavic group the word sounds, for example.

L is a paired consonant sound, respectively, standing directly to the consonant or at the end of the word it should sound firmly. Before o, a, y, e, s, too (tent, angle, skier), but in some words that came to us more often from foreign languages, whose carriers live mainly in Europe, and are proper names, n is pronounced almost gently (La Rock, La Rochelle, La Fleur).

The consonants, who stand last in the prefix before a solid sign, even if then come the letters denoting a soft consonant sound, are pronounced firmly (entrance, announcement). But for the consonants with and this rule does not have full force. Sounds s and s in this case can be pronounced in two ways (exit - [c '] exit - [c] edd).

In the rules of orthoepy, it is written that it is not possible to soften the final consonant in the word, even if they merge with the next word beginning on e (in this, to the equator, with the emu). If there is a softening of such a consonant in a speech, it means that a person communicates through a traditional style.

" B " also refers to the list of "soft consonant letters" and the sounds before it should be pronounced softly, even the sounds m, b, n, c, f in words such as seven, eight, an ice hole, a shipyard, etc. Pronounce soft Sounds firmly in front of " b " is unacceptable. Only in words eight hundred and seven hundred meters can not have a soft, but a solid sound.

What letters denote soft consonants, one must remember clearly - e, y, e, i, and .

So, in many foreign words before e consonant sound does not soften. This often happens with labial m, f, c, b, n. P - Chopin, compartment; B - Bernard Shaw; C - Solveig; Ф - auto-da-fe; M - reputation, consol.

Much more often of these consonants, dental consonants p, n, s, c, d, t are sounding firmly in front of e ; P - Reichswehr, Roerich; N - pince-nez, tour; Z - the chimpanzee, Bizet; With - highway, Musset; D - dumping, masterpiece; T - pantheon, aesthetics.

Thus, the letters of soft consonant sounds have a rather definite composition, but fall under a number of exceptions.

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